среда, 30 октября 2019 г.

Concepts of Supply and the Elasticity of Demand Essay

Concepts of Supply and the Elasticity of Demand - Essay Example Due to the fact that the market for many goods and services has a very inelastic price elasticity of demand, the actual level of demand that consumers express bears little relation to the price that is being offered for the commodity.   This particular graph is indicative of an elastic demand curve. It is important to bear in mind that the demand curve is not steeply sloping; rather, it exhibits a gradual decline as the price fluctuates. Naturally, determinants such as consumer time horizon will greatly impact the total elasticity that is represented in the above representation by elongating and flattening the demand curve as a result of the fact that the consumer believes that the cost is likely to change within the near future. Similar changes to the demand curve will also be noted if/when changes to the consumer’s income are noted and/or if the availability of substitutes weakens or strengthens the demand that has hitherto been illustrated.   Similarly, â€Å"cross-price elasticity† is a term that is used to measure the responsiveness of the demand for a given good to the change in the price of a competing good. This level of change is given as a percentage point and is derived as a function of measuring the percentage change in the price of the secondary good/commodity. As a quick example, if the price of shipping were to increase by 10% and the price of the finished good itself were to decrease by 25%, the following formula would be used to calculate the cross-price elasticity of the given good: -25/10= -2.5. In this way, the reader can see the level to which competing goods/commodities play with relation to the elasticity of demand for a given product within the marketplace.

понедельник, 28 октября 2019 г.

Exploratory Data Analysis Essay Example for Free

Exploratory Data Analysis Essay Exploratory Data Analysis Using the dataset Chamorro-Premuzic. sav, exploratory statistical analysis was carried out on the variables in the dataset. Scatter plots were formulated t give a clear visual view of the data for Extroversion and Agreeableness. Descriptive statistics were also formulated for the variables. 2. Decision about the missing data 3. Correlation A correlation analysis was carried out on the data for Extroversion and Agreeableness. 4. Regression.  A regression analysis was carried out on the data for Extroversion and Agreeableness to examines whether or not one can predict if a student wants a lecturer to be extroverted using the student’s extroversion score. The analysis was two-tailed since the answer sought to determine if the student wants a lecturer to be extroverted or not, and hence any deviation from the answer either positively or negatively would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis. (Triola, 2009) 5. Multiple Regression A multiple regression analysis was carried out to determine whether age, gender, and student’s extroversion can predict if a student wants the lecturer to be extroverted. (Lewicki, 2007) Part B. Applying Analytical Strategies to an Area of Research Interest 1. Research area of interest. The research was aimed at examining the relationship between extroversion and Agreeableness by lecturer and students on what to consider for extroversion. a. Pearson Correlation A parametric correlation analysis that seeks to identify any relationship between two variables. b. Spearman’s Correlation This is a correlation analysis that is non-parametric and aimed at identifying any relationship between two variables. c. Partial Correlation vs. Semi-Partial Correlation Partial correlation analysis is an analysis that seeks to identify the degree of a relationship between two variables when controlling factors has been introduced in the analysis. Semi-partial correlation analysis is an analysis that seeks to control the effect of a third variable in multiple regression and then finding the relationship between the remaining two variables. The method however retains the variation caused by the third variable that is removed from the equation. d. Simple Regression e. Multiple Regression f. Logistic Regression Logistic regression is a regression that seeks to identify the probability of occurrence of an event in a logit function. The regression model is used for binomial regression models. References Hill, T. and Lewicki, P. (2007). Stataistics Methods and Applications. London: Croom Helm. Triola F. (2009). Elementary Statistics (11th Edition). New York, ACM.

суббота, 26 октября 2019 г.

life in the factories :: essays research papers

Western Civilization Life in the Factories The 19th century in England was an expanding time especially considering England was enveloped in the Industrial Revolution. Many factories were expanding and growing and needed people to fill the jobs that they had. Although many these factories were growing they were not able to keep up with the population, which was growing more rapidly than anything. When these factories went to find people they were able to find many that would need jobs and would work for less than the people that had the jobs. When these factories wanted to keep more money they simply looked for the one group of people that could work for as long as they asked, for as low as they asked, with no questions asked. That group of people was children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since many families had control of their children and some families didn’t want to send their kids these factories, so many factories were not able to find the amount of workers they wanted so they went to look for the kids other places. A few places that they went to look were orphanages and workhouses and bought these children and forced them to sign contracts, which virtually made them slaves. The factories then went on to house and feed them, which was a lot easier then to house and feed a grown person. By the 1790’s almost all workers in the factories were children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When these factories went and bought these children they knew that they had to feed and clothe these kids and then provide them with a place to sleep. The factory owners went at this problem with the same cheapness that they had when buying the children. Children were forced at many places, to eat while working and the kids often complained about the food. Most of the time the food was covered in dust by the time they were beginning to eat. When most of these children came from the workhouses and were made to come with a change of common clothes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most factories were able to work the kids from dawn till dusk and sometimes beyond. Some people wanted to change the law of how long a person under the age of 18 could work to 10 hours, but parliament wouldn’t pass that law. A man by the name of Lord Ashley was a doctor and concluded that a child’s body could only endure 10 hours of labor at a time without damaging the child’s health.

четверг, 24 октября 2019 г.

BCG Matrix Application

BCG Matrix is devised by Boston Consulting Group. The underpinning philosophy for the development of this matrix was the portfolio analysis. The aim was to develop a methodology to determine what type of strategic decision needs to be taken, especially in terms of investment to the products within the portfolio of a company. He divided all the products into four categories, on the basis of two dimensions.These categories were cash cow, dog, star and question mark. These four categories were based on two dimensions, market growth (high or low) and the market share of the concerned product. PurposeThe basic purpose of the BCG matrix was to establish a picture of the product portfolio for an organization which classifies the products into the categories based on market growth and market share. This classification, as they posed, was deemed to help in taking strategic decisions related to investment, divestiture etc. The Impact of BCG Matrix: The popularity of BCG Matrix in early days ca n be highlighted from the fact that in 1979, there was around 360 out of the fortune 1000 companies which were using this tool and considered it to have a positive effect on the management decisions. (Haspeslagh 1982)InterpretationBefore moving on to the actual case, it is better to understand the interpretation of each category as it would help in gaining deeper insight of the case. Star: In this tool, those products are classified as star which has high market growth and the product itself has high market share. For such product, the main focus is to protect the market share. Cash Cow: ‘Cash Cow’ are those products which have low market growth, yet high market share of the product itself. The extra cash generated out of it is usually used to protect market share and distributed to other products (usually question marks) to support their share.Question Mark: These are the products which are high in market growth, but the product itself does not have high market share. This situation demands either more investment in those products to increase the share or to divest them, if the competitor is very strong and increasing share does not seems to be a possibility. Dog: These are the products that have low market share and the market growth is also low. In this case, the best strategy is to liquidate or divest it for as much amount as possible. (Keller and Kotler, 2005)Applying to the CaseThe case states that the company has developed the BCG matrix for its divisions. The findings of the BCG matrix show that Electronics Division is on the upper right side of the matrix (which means question mark). However, the Appliances Division is on the lower left side of the matrix (Cash Cow). The Appliances Division: (Cash Cow) This means that the appliances developed by the company have low market growth and the appliances made by the company have high market share. As there is high market share, so the profit generation form these products is high and as the mar ket growth is low, so the investment required is low.This means that the additional cash can be used to grow other businesses / divisions or products. The Electronic Division: (Question Mark) These are the products where there is a significant market growth, but the company itself is not able to gain a significant market share. This is the worst of all other case, since the market is growing yet the firm is not able to capitalize the situation. If questions marks are kept going like this, they would absorb so much cash and ultimately become a dog when the market growth drops.Thus, there is a need of significant investment into the electronic division to enable it to capitalize the growing market and become a ‘star’. Strategic Recommendation: Since the appliances division is in a position to generate more cash than the cost of running the division as well as the cost of investment required protecting the market share, the additional cash can either be used to support the question marks (such as electronics department where significant investment is required to make it star) and make them star or it can be used for Research and Development of those products which may prove to have high growth potential for future.In case of electronic division, it is recommended that significant investments must be made with the aim of gaining some market share. If there is some untapped market, it is a bit easy, however, it the market is almost saturated and there is a need to grab share from competitors, it is a bit difficult. The investment can be made to add new features to the products to attract customers, launching aggressive marketing and sales campaigns etc. Reliability of BCG Matrix Nevertheless, it was used extensively by the companies in last quarter of the 20th century; however it has certain critiques as well, which harms its reliability.One of the biggest critiques on the BCG matrix is on its assumption that higher market share means higher profit. It may not be the case. For example, there is a possibility that a company has lower market share (due to niche marketing or due to high prices) but its prices are too high, so it leads to a higher profit, despite lower share. In that case, the BCG matrix won’t provide a true picture. Moreover, the matrix ignores the market share growth rate. There may be some start-ups with low market share yet high market share growth rate.Such firms which may prove to be a potential danger (especially in Information Technology industry) are totally neglected by the BCG matrix. These findings suggest that though apparently it looks like appliances division is having a good time in the market while the electronic division is in trouble, however this conclusion should not be drawn unless, all other factors ignored by the BCG matrix, such as market share growth rate, duration of entry into the market, competitor’s growth rate etc.Are revisited and the same situation is apparent from other tools like, Mc Kinsey and General Electric Matrix (that uses factors like industry attractiveness and business strength), SWOT Analysis for each product, porter’s five force analysis (to understand the environment in which the product is there) and above all the use of data mining tools etc. , (Bendel et al, 2006) using different variables than the one used by BCG Matrix.So BCG matrix can provide an idea, but final decision must be based on the conclusions from multiple tools, measurements, market situation, analysis and above all, management insight.BIBLIOGRAPHYBendle, N. , Farris, P. , Pfeifer, P. , & Reibstein, D. (2006).Marketing Metrics: 50+ Metrics Every Executive Should Master. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing. Haspeslagh, P. (1982).Portfolio planning: Uses and limits. Harvard Business Review, 60(1), 58-73. Keller, K. , & Kotler, P. (2005).Marketing Management (12th Edition) (Marketing Management). Alexandria, VA: Prentice Hall.

среда, 23 октября 2019 г.

American Government: 21st Amendment

The twenty first article of amendment to the U. S. Constitution was the result of public disagreement to constitutional amendments, while the Supreme Court had played the role of ‘subject matter’ mediator. The ‘dry’ shadows of the 18th Amendment began to fade out with the coming of the Great Depression, as, the alcohol consumption was reduced, but not erased, and, at the same time, bootlegging had reached its peak. The national prohibition of alcohol has endured for only 14 years and was, finally, ratified by the legislators and 36 states on December 5, 1933.The 21st Amendment has framed sale and manufacture of grain alcohol within the state, excluding transportation and importation of liquors. The history of the U. S. court notes three cases, involving the 21st amendment; though, none of them was clearly based on the article. Craig v. Boren (No. 75-628) was the appeal from the United States district court for the Western district of Oklahoma. Appellant Crai g claimed that a statute of Oklahoma stood for discrimination based on gender, â€Å"prohibiting the sale of ‘nonintoxicating’ 3. 2% beer to males under the age of 21 and to females under the age of 18† (1976 US, 429 U.S. 190, I). Appellant Whitener took a side of equal protection challenge, because, as a licensed vendor of grain alcohol, she could quit her business or pay high penalties if she obeys or disobeys the statute of the state accordingly. To support the claim, appellants provided statistical data, proving that 18-20-year males are more likely to be arrested for drunk driving, be killed, injured, and inclined to drinking than females of the same age. Males were prohibited to purchase intoxicating liquors, yet, were allowed (anything that is not prohibited, is allowed) to drink them.The data showed that public safety had to be protected from such incidents and crashes. Concluding all stated above, Craig highlighted the violation of the Equal Protection C lause and was seeking for resolution of such a controversy. On the other hand, Boren, the governor of Oklahoma, rendered statistics, which showed â€Å"only that . 18% of females and 2% of males in the 18-20-year-old age group were arrested for â€Å"American Government: 21st Amendment† â€Å"Page#2†driving while under the influence of liquor† (1976 US, 429 U. S. 190, II C). In such a way, the appellants’ data claimed to be invalid. Boren had not put aside the Craig’s statistical evidence; yet, rated it as ‘insufficient’ in determining the key factors of traffic safety: â€Å"The statistics exhibit a variety of other shortcomings that seriously impugn their value to equal protection analysis [†¦] and make no effort to relate findings to age-sex differential† (1976 US, 429 U.S. 190, II C). For that reason, the results can hardly prove the ratio between gender/age and drinking/driving. The decision of the court was as follows : the difference between males and females of 18-20-year period had violated the Equal Protection Clause and, therefore, discriminated males by Oklahoma’s 3. 2% beer statutory scheme. Finally, the judgment of the District Court was reversed. The 21st Amendment bound the operation of the Commerce Clause.â€Å"The court assumed that the Twenty-first amendment ‘strengthened’ the State’s police powers with respect to alcohol regulation† (1976 US, 429 U. S. 190, II D). Nevertheless, Oklahoma’s discrimination against males violated the 14th Amendment, while the text of the 21st one had nothing to deal with individual rights of US citizens. While most of Americans followed the ‘dry’ law, the activists of individual freedom were weaving the threads of nationwide hazard, coming from followers of moral values.On the other hand, bootleggers knocked a fortune during the Prohibition and governments could not lose the chance to increase public revenues. The 21st Amendment had granted a safe and structured marketplace for US citizens and empowered states to regulate sale of alcohol, but legalized a widespread alcohol production, distribution and consumption within the states.However, the state’s legislative and regulatory authority, given by the 21st Amendment to the US Constitution, is a core factor of alcohol control and retailing. Bibliography: 1. â€Å"The Constitution of the United States,† Amendment 21. 2. U. S. Supreme Court. Craig v. Boren, 429 U. S. 190, 1970. Online. The Oklahoma State Courts Network. Internet. 15 March, 2007. Available: http://www. oscn. net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument. asp? CiteID=430201

вторник, 22 октября 2019 г.

Electoral Votes by State for 2020

Electoral Votes by State for 2020 The number of Electoral College votes to be cast by each state was last adjusted by state population totals from the 2010 decennial census conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. Results of the decennial census are also used in apportionment – the process by which the 435 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives is divided among the states. Here is the list of electoral votes to be cast by each state in the 2020 presidential election. Alabama - 9, unchanged. The states population increased by 332,636 or 7.5 percent to 4,779,736 in 2010.Alaska - 3, unchanged. The states population increased by 83,299 or 13.3 percent to 710,231 in 2010.Arizona - 11, an increase of 1 electoral vote. The states population increased by 1,261,385 or 24.6 percent to 6,392,017 in 2010.Arkansas - 6, unchanged. The states population increased by 242,518 or 9.1 percent to 2,915,918 in 2010.California - 55, unchanged. The states population increased by 3,382,308 or 10 percent to 37,253,956 in 2010.Colorado - 9, unchanged. The states population increased by 727,935 or 16.9 percent to 5,029,196 in 2010.Connecticut - 7, unchanged. The states population increased by 168,532 or 4.9 percent to 3,574,097 in 2010.Delaware - 3, unchanged. The states population increased by 114,334 or 14.6 percent to 897,934 in 2010.District of Columbia - 3, unchanged. The states population increased by 29,664 or 5.2 percent to 601,723 in 2010.Florida - 29, an increase of 2 electoral votes. The states population increased by 2,818,932 or 17.6 percent to 18,801,310 in 2010. Georgia - 16, an increase of 1 electoral vote. The states population increased by 1,501,200 or 18.3 percent to 9,687,653 in 2010.Hawaii - 4, unchanged. The states population increased by 148,764 or 12.3 percent to 1,360,301 in 2010.Idaho - 4, unchanged. The states population increased by 273,629 or 21.1 percent to 1,567,582 in 2010.Illinois - 20, a decrease of 1 electoral vote. The states population increased by 411,339 or 3.3 percent to 12,830,632 in 2010.Indiana - 11, unchanged. The states population increased by 403,317 or 6.6. percent to 6,483,802 in 2010.Iowa - 6, a decrease of 1 electoral vote. The states population increased by 120,031 or 4.1 percent to 3,046,355 in 2010.Kansas - 6, unchanged. The states population increased by 164,700 or 6.1 percent to 2,853,118 in 2010.Kentucky - 8, unchanged. The states population increased by 297,598 or 7.4 percent to 4,339,367 in 2011.Louisiana - 8, a decrease of 1 electoral vote. The states population increased by 64,396 or 1.4 percent t o 4,533,372 in 2010. Maine - 4, unchanged. The states population increased by 53,438 or 4.2 percent to 1,328,361 in 2010.Maryland - 10, unchanged. The states population increased by 477,066 or 9 percent to 5,773,552 in 2010.Massachusetts - 11, a decrease of 1 electoral vote. The states population increased by 198,532 or 3.1 percent to 6,547,629 in 2010.Michigan - 16, a decrease of 1 electoral vote. The states population fell by 54,804 or 0.6 percent to 9,883,640 in 2010.Minnesota - 10, unchanged. The states population increased by 384,446 or 7.8 percent to 5,303,925 in 2010.Mississippi - 6, unchanged. The states population increased by 122,639 or 4.3 percent to 2,967,297 in 2010.Missouri - 10, a decrease of 1 electoral vote. The states population increased by 393,716 or 7 percent to 5,988,927 in 2010.Montana - 3, unchanged. The states population increased by 87,220 or 9.7 percent to 989,415 in 2010.Nebraska - 5, unchanged. The states population increased by 115,078 or 6.7 percent to 1,826,341 in 2010. Nevada - 6, an increase of 1 electoral vote. The states population increased by 702,294 or 35.1 percent to 2,700,551 in 2010.New Hampshire - 4, unchanged. The states population increased by 80,684 6.5 percent to 1,316,470 in 2010.New Jersey - 14, a decrease of 1 electoral vote. The states population increased by 377,544 or 4.5 percent to 8,791,894 in 2010.New Mexico - 5, unchanged. The states population increased by 240,133 or 13.2 percent to 2,059,179 in 2010.New York - 29, a decrease of 2 electoral votes. The states population increased by 401,645 or 2.1 percent to 19,378,102 in 2010.North Carolina - 15, unchanged. The states population increased by 1,486,170 or 18.5 percent to 9,535,483 in 2010.North Dakota - 3, unchanged. The states population increased by 30,391 or 4.7 percent to 672,591 in 2010.Ohio - 18, a decrease of 2 electoral votes. The states population increased by 183,364 or 1.6 percent to 11,536,504 in 2010.Oklahoma - 7, unchanged. The states population increased by 30 0,697 or 8.7 percent to 3,751,351 in 2010. Oregon - 7, unchanged. The states population increased by 409,675 or 12 percent to 3,831,074 in 2010.Pennsylvania - 20, a decrease of 1 electoral vote. The states population increased by 421,325 or 3.4 percent to 12,702,379 in 2010.Rhode Island - 4, unchanged. The states population increased by 4,248 or 0.4 percent to 1,052,567 in 2010.South Carolina - 9, an increase of 1 electoral vote. The states population increased by 613,352 or 15.3 percent to 4,625,364 in 2010.South Dakota - 3, unchanged. The states population increased by 59,336 or 7.9 percent to 814,180 in 2010.Tennessee - 11, unchanged. The states population increased by 656,822 or 11.5 percent to 6,346,105 in 2010.Texas - 38, an increase of 4 electoral votes. The states population increased by 4,293,741 or 20.6 percent to 25,145,561 in 2010.Utah - 6, an increase of 1 electoral vote. The states population increased by 530,716 or 23.8 percent to 2,763,885 in 2010.Vermont - 3, unchanged. The states population increased by 16,9 14 or 2.8 percent to 625,741 in 2010. Virginia - 13, unchanged. The states population increased by 922,509 or 13 percent to 8,001,024 in 2010.Washington - 12, an increase of 1 electoral vote. The states population increased by 830,419 or 14.1 percent to 6,724,540 in 2010.West Virginia - 5, unchanged. The states population increased by 44,650 or 2.5 percent to 1,852,994 in 2010.Wisconsin - 10, unchanged. The states population increased by 323,311 or 6 percent to 5,686,986 in 2010.Wyoming - 3, unchanged. The states population increased by 69,844 or 14.1 percent to 563,626 in 2010. While it will not change their number of Electoral College votes, population changes in three key presidential battleground states since the 2016 election could affect their influence on the outcome of the 2020 election. The continued population boom in Florida (29 electoral votes) all but assures its long-held status as a key swing-state. Arizona (11 electoral votes) jumps onto the list of 2020 swing states, while Nevada’s (6 electoral votes) record-setting growth between 2017 and 2018 could place the state even further out of reach for President Donald Trump’s reelection campaign. How the 2020 Census Could Change the Electoral Map While it will not affect the 2020 state-by-state Electoral College vote, the results of the 2020 U.S. Census could transform the electoral map going forward. The resulting decennial reapportionment process promises to reshape the political makeup of the House of Representatives in 2022 and the Electoral College for the 2024 presidential election. Updated by Robert Longley

понедельник, 21 октября 2019 г.

Decision Making Process Essay examples

Decision Making Process Essay examples Decision Making Process Essay examples Decision- Making Process One of the personal decisions that I had to take and that wasn’t easy was enrolling in school. First of all I had to take the decision to go to the school and talk with the academic adviser to see what was best for my career. I had to check my schedule to see when I had time, then I called the consoler and made an appointment. Once I was there I check for all the opportunities that I had, and I made the decision based on the career path I wanted to take. My carrier advisor talked to me about the two differences options that were best for my career and my goals. Finally I made the decision of what and how I wanted to study, we then made the schedule and the final point was to start school. Until now that was the best decision I ever made. My decision making- process was very similar to the one that was described in the text because it followed a series of steps of which you had to take in order to reach your goals. The book said that the steps in the decision making process are identifying and diagnosing the Problem, Generating alternative solutions, evaluating alternatives, making the choice, implementing the decision, and finally evaluating the decision. As you can see in the first paragraph where I was talking about the decision making process I order to start school was the same process as the one describe in the book. Every decision starts with the collection of information, alternatives, values and the preferences available at the time of the decision. I think my decision wouldn’t change if I used the same steps because the decision making process that the book

воскресенье, 20 октября 2019 г.

8 Dream Jobs You Didn’t Know Existed

8 Dream Jobs You Didn’t Know Existed If you were to think of your total dream job- regardless of your field, experience, or financial considerations- what would it be? Wacky Wednesday has gone out and discovered that some of those ultimate jobs are reality for some lucky people around the world. Read and be jealous! Wine Tester and BloggerDo you subscribe to the old Jimmy Buffett motto, â€Å"It’s five o’clock somewhere?† Is â€Å"wine-o’clock† a daily occurrence in your home? If so, then wine testing might be your dream gig. It certainly was for one lucky vinophile, who was paid $10,000 per month to live rent-free in California’s Napa Valley and chronicle his â€Å"winestream† on social media.World of Warcraft TesterIf you already play World of Warcraft like it’s your job, know that Blizzard Entertainment (the software company behind the behemoth online role-playing game) hires people to do Quality Analysis (QA) testing on the game to check for bugs and other issu es. Living the dream, earning in-game gold, and paying your real-life bills too!Airplane Repo PersonIt’s kind of like an administrative James Bond gig: repossessing private aircraft once the owners can no longer make payments. This sounds glamorous (you’d be visiting airplane hangers in all sorts of exotic locales), but you’d also need Bond-level martial arts skills and cunning†¦ people do not part with their private jets lightly.Waterslide TesterGlobal resort company First Choice hired someone to test out their water slides for height, speed, water quantity, and safety at various resorts around the world. The most fun vacation activity in all sorts of exciting destinations? Sign us up!Candy TesterBritish sweets company Swizzles-Matlow hired a 12-year old to taste-test their top secret candy recipes. Looks like that young gentleman hit the golden-ticket jackpot!Professional ZombieDo you spend all year waiting for Halloween, when you can lurch around your ya rd, groaning, â€Å"Braaaaaaaaains† to scare unsuspecting trick-or-treaters? You might want to consider relocating to London, where the London Dungeons Experience hires professional zombie actors to mingle with visitors.Luxury Bed TesterAs part of a sleep study, a British luxury bedding company paid one woman a thousand pounds to sleep in different luxury beds for a month, and share her feedback on comfort, sleep quality, etc. It’s a tough job, but someone has to†¦zzzzzzzz.Paradise Island CaretakerAn Australia man beat out 35,000 other applicants to be the official caretaker of Hamilton Island (in the Great Barrier Reef) for six months. The rigorous final application tests included snorkeling, eating a luxurious island BBQ meal, and getting treatments at a spa. The lucky caretaker enjoys free rent in a 3-bedroom villa, and gets to have all his mail forwarded to paradise. What’s not to love?So maybe these jobs aren’t in the cards for you in the near f uture, but isn’t it comforting to know they’re out there, and that we live in a world out where we too could be top-secret candy testers?

суббота, 19 октября 2019 г.

Kodak and fujifilm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Kodak and fujifilm - Essay Example This did not last for long, as later in 1990s, the company started to experience financial strains as a result of decline in sales of photographic film (Garcia, 2004). This decline in Eastman photographic film sales was also enhanced by it slowness in shifting from the analogue to digital photography. Fuji Film Company was started in 1924, with a core purpose of becoming one of the first Japanese producers of photographic film (Hill & Jones, 2010). Ten years after its formation, Fujifilm started to produce x-ray films and motion picture films. Fujifilm is one of the main Japanese famous multinational photography firms with its headquarters in Tokyo, japan.The company deals with the production and sale of color photographic films, medical imaging equipment and materials. Both Kodak Company and Fujifilm Company have much in common. In their early stages the two companies enjoyed huge market share in their local markets, with Kodak almost dominating 90% of the American film market share (Garcia, 2004). Later in the late 90s, both companies saw their traditional business’s rendered obsolete with the changing technology. With Kodak company management failing to respond adequately to the changing technology, Fujifilm has rapidly transformed itself to be a prosperous company with its market capitalization policy. Both Kodak and Fujifilm companies saw the change coming in the Kodak industry. With both management bodies aware of the changing markets, they planned on how to adopt the new innovation in the market. The Fujifilm company management quickly responded to the changing technology by developing various pronged strategy. To adopt the new innovations in the market, the company decided to develop new business lines (Hill & Jones, 2010). On the other hand, in its attempts to perfectly embrace the new innovations in the photography markets, Eastman Kodak management allocated large sum of money on research (Garcia, 2004). But

пятница, 18 октября 2019 г.

Colonial to 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Colonial to 1877 - Essay Example Slavery remained legal in the South while it was illegal in the North. Few Northerners actively opposed the practice though. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 began a series of events which resulted ultimately in war. The Northwest Ordinance was an act of Congress of the federation and essentially declared that the land north of the Ohio River and East of the Mississippi River, would in fact become a part of the United States as well as become settled. Additionally, the ordinance established an area where slavery was illegal, therefore causing uprising from states south of the Ordinance. The Ohio River would become the boundary line. The next event to cause a disturbance between the North and the South was the Missouri Compromise of1820. This established slavery regulations within the Western Territories. It also made slavery illegal in the Louisiana Territory but allowed it to remain legal within the Missouri Territory. Political ramifications of the compromise served to introduce the idea of democrats and republicans. The compromise had established clear boundaries between North and South and would eventually push the two halves into war. In the meantime, the Mexican-American War was on the horizon as America had annexed the Texas territory from Mexico. The conflict lasted from 1846 to 1848. Most of the Southern States at the time, embraced the idea of Manifest Destiny as well as the idea of acquiring more land in the spirit of slavery expansion. Manifest Destiny was the notion that the United States was destined to claim the territory from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Seaboard. This is precisely why many were in favor of the Mexican-American war and also why the conflict began. Because of so much political and social unrest, the Compromise of 1850 was drafted. This series of bills sought to create resolve over the issue of slavery as well as the Mexican-American War. This compromise served to avoid an immediate

Human Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Sexuality - Essay Example Empathy must be the way forward in such a case whereby one puts him or herself in the other’s (homosexual individual’s) shoe for a moment and start thinking of the problems and difficulties he or she would have to face in the same scenario. This would solve many a problem, as it would generate much more understanding and a sense of attachment with the gays and lesbians of the society. On an individual level, a gay or for that matter a lesbian must understand the commitment he has with the society and he also should know as to how his actions could affect it, both from a positive as well as from a negative point of view. He must avoid the trouble of inviting pressure from the hard liners if he possibly can but if the homosexual feels that it is his right to do whatsoever he wishes then he must do it, in the best manner possible, not only to benefit his own self but also provide comfort and consolation for the other homosexual who agrees to marry the former one. However, one should keep a close and vigilant eye on the pressures he would have to face at the hand of the society and the pressure groups when he decides to carry out the same. Just the mere fact that in the present times, homosexuals have started to be seen as quite normal individuals within the society is ground enough for one and all to understand that the solution provided for their betterment as well as the society would be easily taken up by one and all and they would not discard it on the pretext that it does not take into view a particular section’s feelings and emotions into mind.

четверг, 17 октября 2019 г.

Signature Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Signature - Research Paper Example An example of a signature can be a branding or logo that a criminal leaves at a crime scene. Hence, in the definition, the difference between the two can be seen in their relationship to the crime. The background of these two procedures will be explored further on in the paper. Another difference between a signature and modus operandi is that the later tends to improve over time with the criminal’s experience and enhancement in skills. However, a signature remains constant in a criminal’s acts and is deeply rooted in him/her. Modus operandi tends to change in the form of weapons used, exists and entry routes whilst a signature is adopted when an individual begins his crime and becomes a source of satisfaction, pride and in some situations a justification for criminal behavior (Douglas & Munn, 1992, 1-10). In summation, the two are different because modus operandi feeds and depends on emotional needs whilst a signature is just a procedure. The best way to analyze Modus O perandi is by looking at the background and driving forces between the two procedures. As mentioned above, a criminal leaves his signature as a way of personalizing his crimes. The crime itself and the signature are not directly related and are driven by different forces. There are several factors that influence the signature of the criminal. These include personality, past history, intelligence and mental state (Hazelwood & Warren, 1-14). These often give clues of a criminal’s psychological and emotional status and often reveal reasons for committing a certain crime. An example of the way a criminal’s signature can portray his or her past is that offer torturer (Turvey & Freeman, 2011). This can represent an individual has been traumatized in his childhood or possesses certain emotional traits such as self hatred. Others who aim to impose authority over a certain group of people may have past experiences of neglect or sexual abuse (Douglas & Munn, 1992, 1-10). As ment ioned above modus operandi and signature have different driving factors. Modus operandi is a process driven by the will of an individual to commit a crime (Hazelwood & Warren, 1-14). This is driven by the experience of an individual and his knowledge on the particular crime, including the best way to carry it out without being caught or compromising his intentions for committing that particular crime. This in turn leads to a variation in killing techniques, timing, destruction of evidence and execution (Hazelwood & Warren, 1-14). The MO can change for every victim, for example certain killer may choose different weapons for each target as this may help increase satisfaction gained from each crime (Hazelwood & Warren, 1-14). In summation, it can be said that all criminals have an MO comprised of habits, techniques and behavioral traits that are performed with the following objectives; affect escape, complete the crime and avoid capture. David Berkowitz has one of the most widely disc ussed modus operandi in the world. His MO involved.44 Charter arms bulldog revolver as the weapon of choice. The fire arm as five rounds and is specifically designed for close combat (Gresswell & Hollin, 1994, 307-318). The majority of Berkowitz attacks were blitzed shootings however at times he disguised the crime scene to cover up his true intentions and the nature of the act. For example, in the murder of

The IndoCaribbean Women's Experience of Indenture Essay

The IndoCaribbean Women's Experience of Indenture - Essay Example The few who dared to revolt or oppose inevitably faced the consequences of their actions. They were ridiculed, humiliated, subjected to the whims of their British masters, at times sexually exploited, and put back in their places for it was not a criminal act in the eyes of the law for the British nationals to exploit their workers. Society then was not as liberal as it is today. It was considered all right by the authorities to kill people at the slightest provocation. Indian women were killed and there was not much enquiry into the incident if it was felt that she had died as the result of her husband's suspicion about her character. Between 1838 and 1917 during the indenture period, Indians lived in poor sanitary conditions. They had to do everything as expected of them. Indian women were not allowed maternity benefits during pregnancy. Women worked carrying their babies in the field until they could leave their babies home under the care of an older child (Janet A. Naidu). The position of the Indian woman in the Caribbean has perceptibly changed now. But the change can hardly be expected to be on the lines of a person living in a free country. It is over ninety years now since the indenture discontinued in 1917. However, social and cultural knots continue to fetter the Indian woman living in the Caribbean. There were few Brahmins in the Caribbe... However, social and cultural knots continue to fetter the Indian woman living in the Caribbean. There were few Brahmins in the Caribbean during the indenture period. They were sought for on religious and auspicious occasions. Indians mostly comprised the agricultural caste or low caste. Since the number of Indian women was few, it became difficult for the Brahmins to seek girls from higher castes making them vulnerable to marry girls from the lower echelons. Transformation of gender relations The Indian women living in the Caribbean can now thank their stars that they did not see the persecutions of their counterparts early in the 20th century or during the greater period of the 19th century. I deliberately use the term 'persecution' because that is what she must have felt in an alien land. The male female ratio did not cross the halfway mark in favor of the male since the time the first Indian landed in the Caribbean. The best that happened was 50 females for every 100 males at that time. This was in 1860. The figure slipped back to 41 females for every 100 males in 1890. The Indian male fared no better with his British master because the working and attitudinal conditions forced on them by the colonizers were slavery and demeaning. The Indians came to work on a 5-year contract as 'indentured laborers'. Up to 1862, they were provided with free travel back home after the completion of the 5-year period. From 1862, they had to pay their own way to the Caribbean or else work 10-years to get a free trip back home (Janet A. Naidu). The Indians contributed significantly to the economy of the Caribbean. Their population although as minority was quite significant. However, they did not enjoy commensurate representation in

среда, 16 октября 2019 г.

Signature Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Signature - Research Paper Example An example of a signature can be a branding or logo that a criminal leaves at a crime scene. Hence, in the definition, the difference between the two can be seen in their relationship to the crime. The background of these two procedures will be explored further on in the paper. Another difference between a signature and modus operandi is that the later tends to improve over time with the criminal’s experience and enhancement in skills. However, a signature remains constant in a criminal’s acts and is deeply rooted in him/her. Modus operandi tends to change in the form of weapons used, exists and entry routes whilst a signature is adopted when an individual begins his crime and becomes a source of satisfaction, pride and in some situations a justification for criminal behavior (Douglas & Munn, 1992, 1-10). In summation, the two are different because modus operandi feeds and depends on emotional needs whilst a signature is just a procedure. The best way to analyze Modus O perandi is by looking at the background and driving forces between the two procedures. As mentioned above, a criminal leaves his signature as a way of personalizing his crimes. The crime itself and the signature are not directly related and are driven by different forces. There are several factors that influence the signature of the criminal. These include personality, past history, intelligence and mental state (Hazelwood & Warren, 1-14). These often give clues of a criminal’s psychological and emotional status and often reveal reasons for committing a certain crime. An example of the way a criminal’s signature can portray his or her past is that offer torturer (Turvey & Freeman, 2011). This can represent an individual has been traumatized in his childhood or possesses certain emotional traits such as self hatred. Others who aim to impose authority over a certain group of people may have past experiences of neglect or sexual abuse (Douglas & Munn, 1992, 1-10). As ment ioned above modus operandi and signature have different driving factors. Modus operandi is a process driven by the will of an individual to commit a crime (Hazelwood & Warren, 1-14). This is driven by the experience of an individual and his knowledge on the particular crime, including the best way to carry it out without being caught or compromising his intentions for committing that particular crime. This in turn leads to a variation in killing techniques, timing, destruction of evidence and execution (Hazelwood & Warren, 1-14). The MO can change for every victim, for example certain killer may choose different weapons for each target as this may help increase satisfaction gained from each crime (Hazelwood & Warren, 1-14). In summation, it can be said that all criminals have an MO comprised of habits, techniques and behavioral traits that are performed with the following objectives; affect escape, complete the crime and avoid capture. David Berkowitz has one of the most widely disc ussed modus operandi in the world. His MO involved.44 Charter arms bulldog revolver as the weapon of choice. The fire arm as five rounds and is specifically designed for close combat (Gresswell & Hollin, 1994, 307-318). The majority of Berkowitz attacks were blitzed shootings however at times he disguised the crime scene to cover up his true intentions and the nature of the act. For example, in the murder of

вторник, 15 октября 2019 г.

Managing Communication in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Communication in Business - Essay Example Every member of an effective group should have the required professional skills for a job, which is assigned to him (Rhee 2007). For a group related to business working, the group members of the group should have skills such as understanding of the work environment, business demands and the job needs. Every group member should be aware of the business setting, job specifications and should be target oriented (Devine, et. al 1999). Effective group also forms when people related to the group have interpersonal skills (Silver and Bufiano 1996). Every group member should identify the skills of other members and should be aware about his/her own working that can be supported by other members of the group (Knouse and Dansby 1999). In an effective group, the group members prove themselves as a support for other members and each member is aware of the skills of other person. Balanced diversity and time frame are other characteristics that the group members should have to make the group effective. Each member of the group should be able to offer diverse ideas in case of need (Devine, et. al 1999). For performing any activity, diverse ideas play an effective role. The group members that have diverse skills are much more suitable to form an effective group. Time frame is a very crucial factor and all the group members should take care of the time allocated for a task to make the group effective. Every member of the group is assigned a different role and every group member should perform the role that is assigned to him/her (Pescosolido 2003). Roles are of many kinds such as initiator, contributor, information seeker and giver, coordinator, orienteer, energizer and many others. The performance of each member affects the over all group performance so it is essential for all the group members to complete their assigned roles within allocated time (Knouse and Dansby 1999). Group size is a very important factor. The size

понедельник, 14 октября 2019 г.

Hamlet Act Two Essay Example for Free

Hamlet Act Two Essay Hamlet Act ll An important character in the play Hamlet is Polonius. Polonius is often thought to be foolish, and thoughtless. However, Polonius is anything but foolish, and thoughtless. Polonius is a man who is very intellectual, and he provides guidance to those who need it. For example, his advice to Reynaldo on how to  monitor Laertess wild behavior is magnificent and brilliant. His advice to Ophelia  about Hamlet, love, and affection is very accurate. Polonius is considered a fool to some people, because Hamlet is making it seem that way, he wants to put Polonius down, and make Polonius seem like a fool. Hamlet is rude to Polonius, and constantly making fun of him. At one point Hamlet calls Polonius a â€Å"fishmonger†. Hamlet then makes his insult worse by wishing that Polonius were as honest as a fishmonger, which is to say that Polonius is lower than the lowest. Although, Polonius is nothing of the sort, another example of Polonius providing guidance to those who need it is when Laertes is waiting for his ship to depart, Polonius has a couple of minutes to tell  him how to live well. His brief advice is insightful and parental. He tells Laertes to think before  he acts, listen more than talk,  keep good friends close but dont worry  about drinking buddies. Dont get in fights, watch your money, and take care of your appearance, things like that. Polonius is the kind to seek to discover the truth on his own. He studies Hamlet to link his madness to love and betrayal. He then seeks to trial his theories by testing Hamlets sanity through a slew of inquiring questions. A foolish man does not do this. Perhaps, Polonius was just putting on an act, to make people think that he was foolish and stupid. Regardless of his motives, Polonius cannot be described as a simple character. Polonius has gotten a bad reputation, but further depth into his character reveals that Polonius is indeed a complex character with a great deal of wisdom.

воскресенье, 13 октября 2019 г.

Management Information On Decision Making Information Technology Essay

Management Information On Decision Making Information Technology Essay In today advance technological and competitive business environment Management Information System plays a vital role. This assignment report explains how information management changes the overall structure of the organisation and how it effects the different aspect of organisation business such as strategic decision making, Information sharing, production, financial, marketing and customer interaction. Some data and information evaluation methods are discussed which provides high quality information to the management information system for the completion of important task. Finally decision-making tools such as SWOT and ASHEN are discussed that how these tools helping in decision-making. ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES 7004-STRATEGIC INFORMATION MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT QUESTION With reference to your organization, identify strategic information system (IS) issues and critically analyze and evaluate the organizations practice to solve the problems connected with implementing strategic information systems. Also discuss the wider organizational implications of the steps taken by the organization in the use of IS and their consequences. Your report should cover the following learning outcomes and assessment criteria:- LO1: Understanding the impact of management information on decision making The basic concern of Management Information System (MIS) is the collection, processing, storing, exchanging and transmission of the appropriate information in the organization for the support of management operations. Therefore with help of this appropriate information collected from different process, an organization can make a successful decision. In the absence of Management Information System (MIS) there is small chances for an organization to achieve its targets and business growth. Assessment Criteria 1.1 Identify the features of data and information Data: Data is defined as the collection of facts about events. This collection of facts is in raw form means that an unorganised and unprocessed form, which cannot be use for meaningful purpose for example Name, Age, Price etc. Information: Information is defined as a well-organised, well-processed and meaningful form of data generated from raw data. The end users utilises this meaningful data for making a decision easily for example Employees Records, Sale Report etc. Accessibility, Relevance, comprehensibility, timeliness and accuracy: In any organisation it is important that accessibility to information must be provided to all departments employees it means that availability of information to the management and other staff. The accessible information must be relevant to the processes, functionality and operations of that department. The information must be comprehensible i.e. clear, well organised and structured, must be timelines i.e. suitable to complete related task and must be accurate to generate the expected result properly. Determine the criteria to be applied when selecting data and information to support decision-making In business environment data is a valuable asset for any organisation. The data must be collected carefully because organisation decision-making processes are based on the generated information from this data. While selecting data and information for decision-making we must apply some criteria to this selection such as accuracy, validity, clarity etc. Data selection criteria: Accuracy, completeness, validity, consistency Accuracy: Data accuracy is vital role in management information because an accurate data can generate highly valuable results. For data accuracy timeliness is important otherwise there will be errors in the result. Completeness: The completeness of the data means the availability of latest data for decision-maker. The incomplete data can lead to poor decision-making management information. Validity: The validity of data mean data must be collected carefully and from an authentic source. The source of data must be known and verified. Consistency: The consistency of data is key role in good management information because it generates reliable, steady, well-organised and well-structured information. Information selection criteria: Data quality, definition clarity, relevance, presentation, timeliness, availability Data quality: To generate highly valuable and standard information data must be according to certain quality standards such as data must be in the appropriate format, well structure, well-organised and standard transferring method must be used. Definition clarity: The generated Information must be clearly and easily understandable, this will allow organisation employees to use the right information in the right place. Relevance: Information must be relevant to a task that it can be examined and packaged into an effective format. This is helpful that the management information is having to the point information but the information must not be incomplete. Presentation: The management information must be able to present information in the right format, order, well-structured and attractive design. This will describe a clearer picture of the organisation. Timeliness: The information must not take longer time i.e. must be concise and to the point that the management information can quickly response. Availability: The regular availability of information must be guaranteed to the management information that all tasks can run smoothly and the management information is able to generate up to date results. Evaluate the impact of a management information system to an organisation Increasing productivity and creativity: Management information system provides knowledge to workers accessing information resources. Using this knowledge the productivity of organisation is increased rapidly i.e. manufacture more products in short time. Not only this but also it brings new ideas and inspiration into the organisation. Developing policies: Management information system helps organisations to get maximum benefits from the extensive use of these information resources in developing policies i.e. planning, implementation and evaluation in the organisation. Use of strategic information resources: In the management information system the strategic information resources helps organisation in increasing productivity and brings new innovation. Organisations are able to do better planning, implement new policies efficiently. Strategic information resources improve the use of information resources in business, government and non-profit organisations strategies. Understanding ICT as a tool for accessing information In the management information system the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools are the most commonly used source for accessing information. These tools allow organization to access any type of information such products, researches, new developments, quality standards, communication with employees and customers etc. Managing external, corporate and internal information in organization The management information system systematically and efficiently manages the external information i.e. customer needs and choices, corporate information i.e. organisation values, brand names, advertising and marketing procedure, and internal information i.e. effectiveness of tasks, quick processing, interpretation and response of the organisation staff. Using information to support business processes Information supports the following business process. Market and customer information Using Market information organisation can learn about the competitors in the market allowing them to improve product quality, increase productivity etc. using customer information organisation will have a better understanding of customer needs and choices. Product information Using product information organisation can improve products quality, increase production, price comparison and easily availability. Specialist knowledge Using specialist knowledge organisation can manufacture new innovative products, add new customer to business, reduced cost and expenditure. Business process information Business process information supports the internal information about the performance of the organisation such Finances, Customer, internal process and learning and growth. Management information and plans Management information and plans supports the developing policies, future planes, and improvement of services of the organisation. Human resource information Human resource information is essential for organisations reputation, product support, future planes and innovations. Supplier information The Supplier information allows the organisations to choose from a large number of suppliers offers affordable price, best quality and quick service. LO2: Understanding the importance of information sharing within the organisation Information sharing within the organisation making employees as team allowing them to put forward their ideas, inspiration, new creations, discuss different matter and find solution for critical issue. This improves the overall efficiency of the organisation in terms of employees, products, policies, customers and competitors. Assessment Criteria 2.1 Determine the legal responsibilities in sourcing, sharing and storing information Confidentiality and privacy: Special care must be taken when sourcing, sharing and storing information such that this must fully compliance with the Data Protection Act. Information about organisation and employee must not be disclosed with out their consent. Copyright and software protection Any type of data, information and software must be used under copyright and software protection Act. This means that using someone work must be authorised by that person or any organisation to which it belongs. Contractual obligations In case of conditional agreement information sourcing, sharing and storing must not breach the conditions i.e. all these operations must be according to the terms and conditions of contract. IS and Crime (criminal not civil law) This includes frauds i.e. dishonestly use of information, infringement i.e. violation of rules and regulation, miss used of information i.e. for the purpose of making organisation or individual unpopular. 2.2 Discuss when information should be offered and access allowed. Information obtaining, accessing and processing must be according to the Data Protection Act, which gives the right to individuals Person, organisation etc to know what information is held about them, the purpose of information holding as well ensures them that personal information is handled properly. Anyone who is processing someone personal information must comply with the eight principles of Data Protection Act, which are explained below. Fairly and lawful process: According to 1st principle, Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully. This means that the data subject i.e. person, organisation permitted the processing of their personal information for any legal and legitimate purposes such as employment, justice, health and safety etc. Process for limited purpose: According to 2nd principle, Personal data must be obtained and process for a limited purpose only i.e. one or more particular and lawful purposes. If the further processing of personal information is required for other purposes than the specified then the data subject must be informed and further processing should be according to the data object consent. Adequate, relevant and not excessive: According to 3rd principle, Personal data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose it is obtained and processed. This must ensure the data subject that the processing of personal data is relevant to the specified purpose and is not unnecessary. Accurate and up to date: According to 4th principle, Personal data must be accurate and up to date if necessary. This means that the accuracy of the data must be ensure whatever it is directly obtained from the data subject or it is through third party. It is the responsibility of the data object to inform the about any changes or inaccuracy in the data. Not kept for longer than is necessary: According to 5th principle, Personal data must not be kept longer than is required for the purpose or purposes after it is processed. Process in line with a persons right: According to 6th principle, Personal data shall be processed with the data subject rights under the Data Protection act. This means the data subject has the right to request for the correction, blocking and deleting of their personal data after processing. Secure: According to 7th principle, the security of personal data must be ensures. This means that in case of unauthorised or unlawful processing, accidental loss and destruction to the personal data appropriate technical and organisational measures should be taken to prevent such incidents. Data Transfer According to 8th principle, Personal data must not be transferred outside the European Economic Area i.e. to outside countries. If the outside countries can ensures that personal data will have adequate level of protection and will be processed with the consent of data object and for the specified purpose, then in such situation data can be transferred. 2.3 Evaluate the formats in which information can be offered. Electronic/manual: In Electronic format information are provided through electronic means computer generated such as E-mail, Ms Word file, Excel sheet, Data Bases etc. while manual information are almost are provided on papers i.e. printed or handwritten such as log books, manual order book, letters, books, reports etc. Lists of Individuals List of individual could be computer generated or manual, which contains details about organization employees, managerial stop and other staff responsible for different task. Usually this contains names, designation, contact etc. Libraries: Libraries are well organized and well-structured data storage system used in computer to holds data files, folders, records, pictures, and videos in a proper order etc. now days there are many electronic libraries holding e-book, e-journal etc. not only electronic libraries are used still most organization using large number of manual libraries contains books, journal, research papers, reports etc. Folders Folder is container used by computer system for organizing folders, programs and files on a disk in graphical user interfaces mostly represented with a graphical image (icon) of file folder on the screen. Manual folders normally used for holding papers i.e. invoices, report, expenses etc. Documents Computer generated document is any self-contained piece of work created with help of any application program is saved with a unique file name. This unique name is used to retrieve that document. While manual documents are hard copies or handwritten records, personal detail, manual etc. List items inside the lists This is heretical or tree structure, similar items are list under single category the inside list are known as sub categories of the main category. This keeps items in an organized structure and it is easy to find and locate a specific item. List items present in the libraries: In the libraries all items are divided in categories, each category contains a list of interrelated items as well sub items, this categorization helps in searching and locating items within the vast amount of the available items. LO3: Use information to inform and support strategic decision-making Assessment Criteria 3.1 Analyze information to identify patterns and trends With the help of information system organisations can identify and predict the patterns and trends in all aspect of the business such as market, competition, customer demands etc and based on the information analysis they can make good strategic decisions. The market The Information system analyses the data collected from the market and based on the analysis the organisation can decide about the product quality improvement, increase productivity, adjust product price and can decide about the launching of new products and organisation future planes. The competition Based on the Information system analysis of the market data organisation can decide about the product price reduction, improves quality, improve advertising campaign, more facilities to customer and shareholder, easily availability etc as competition with other organisation. The state of economy Based on the Information system analysis organisation can manufacture economical product with low cost and can utilise available resources efficiently i.e. reduction in manufacturing time, proper use of material, required amount of product, reduction in manufacturing defects etc. Legislative development Information system improves the legislative system of the organisation. They are fully compliance with the data protection act, international laws and standards, legal rights. Based on the information analysis the organisations can take legal steps to attract Customers, compete with their competitors, can utilise information resources, shares informations, utilise hardware and software etc. Customer demands Based on the Information system analyses of the collected data from the market organization can predict the customer demands such as what customer wants, is their need of improvement in products, is there a possibility to launch new product, are products easily available to customer, is there a need of change in the policy and legislation, are customers able to commits complains and advices etc, are they happy with prices etc. Evaluate a range of decision making tools and techniques available to support a strategic decision SWOT SWOT (Strength weaknesses opportunities and Threats) analysis tools provide an organization a structural analysis of its Strengths, Weaknesses, the opportunities and threats they are facing. The SWOT analysis is based on the discussions and people viewpoints and it is not the end but step before any action planning take place. The organization use the analysis result to appreciate its strength (personal, competition, knowledge, production etc) for taking decision to minimize its weaknesses (improve developments, competition, product quality, customer communication etc), utilize most of the opportunities (possibilities, value in next five years, product demands etc) available and treating possible present and future threats (limitations, losing product values, equipment and software fault etc) in a planned and well organized way. Critical success factor (CSF) Critical success factor is an approach takes by the organisation to determine organisational need for information. There are a numbers of key factors required for any organisation to be successful, these factors are known as critical success factors. If organisation is unable to achieve these critical success factors, then this will have a high impact on the organisation and as a result there is possibility of organisation failure. The diagram below describes how CSF helping organisation in the determination for need in key decision (KD) and information Required (IR) CSF KD KD KD IR IR IR IR IR IR Where CSF represents Critical success factor, KDs represents key decision and IR represents information required to support key decisions. Model Driven DSS Model-driven is a complex Decision Support System (DSS) system helping in analyzing decisions or choosing different options between the available. This type of system is used by the organization / Business managers and staff members, or by other peoples usually interact with the organization. The use of the system is for a number of purposes, which is depending on the setup of the model such as scheduling, decision analyses etc. there are a number of ways for the deployment of Model Driven DSS system such as in stand alone PCs through hardware and software in, through client / server systems, or through the web. Data Driven DSS The organization manager mostly uses the Data Driven Decision Support System (DSS) system as well staff and the product/service suppliers used it. The use of the system is for a specific need by sending query to a database or data warehouse, which then returns the requested specific information. This type of system is mostly deployed through a mainframe system, client/server system and trough the web. Computer-based databases are the example such system, having the capability to response to query and valuable results value from existing databases. Data Mining Data Mining is the data analyzing process from different perspectives and after processing generation of useful information summary. This summary information are utilized by the organizations to increase revenue, cuts costs etc. Data mining software is one of the analytical tools available to analyze data. This tool allows users to do analysis of the data from different angles, categorize data, and finally identification of the relationships in a summarized data. Determine the source available to assist in analyzing data information Information resources such as Data, Information and knowledge In business environment information resources are the most valuable assets for any organisation. The information i.e. data, information or knowledge must be collected carefully and with authenticity because the organisation decision-making processes are based on these information. These sources of these information resources could be organisation employees, customer and other organisations but there must be some criteria for using these resources such as accuracy, validity, clarity etc. Technology resources such as hardware and software For the processing of organisation data and information such as products detail, employees details, manufacturing, stock and accounts information appropriate technology resources such hardware i.e. computer systems, printers etc and software database system, data analysis tools etc must be available to managers and staffs of the organisation. Using such resources reduces production time, cost, improves communication within the organisation and with the customers. People resources such as employee and managers in organizations Organisation employees and managers are the vital part in analysing data because they provides the organisation internal data such as manufactured quantity, cost, stock etc and as well they are operating the available equipments, computer systems and software. In organisation mostly there are people specially trained for operating specialised hardware and software for information processing, analysing, report generation. LO4: Monitor and review management information Assessment Criteria 4.1 Identify methods of evaluating management information within an organization For high level of management information organisations utilise different information evaluation methods to ensure a reliable, trusted and quality of information management system. Data governance Data governance (DG) is the overall management of the data employed in the enterprise. The Data governance ensures the availability, usability, integrity, and security of the employed data. A governing body or council runs a well-organized data governance program with a well-defined set of procedures and plans for the execution of defined procedures in the right direction. The followings are the three key elements of the successful data governance in an organization. The ability to use timely, reliable, trusted information to drive the business The data governance program must be able to ensure the information availability within the prescribed time frame to the recipients that it can be processed at in early stage. This information must be reliable i.e. consistent that execution of different processes can be performed in proper order and in the right direction. As well the information must be trusted i.e. accurate, update and must be gathered from the trusted source otherwise it will lead to program failure. Improving the quality of business decision- making The data governance programme must be able to utilise certain standard decision support systems for the achievement of high quality of business decision-making such as Model Driven DSS, Data Driven DSS etc. The available data for decision-making must be according to certain quality standard, appropriate format, well structured and well organised. Ensuring consistent use of information The data governance program must ensure the consistent use of information in organisation for reliability and smooth flow of business different process. The information flow must be regular to different component of the overall system that the system can generate reliable, trusted and high quality of result otherwise inconsistency will generate incorrect result and will lead to system failure. Management information value Timeliness Timeliness is a high importance in management information, which means that the recipients must receive information within the prescribed time frame. The timeliness can ensure an early stage information execution, which generates the accurate information result. The characteristic of timeliness of information must be effective as well must includes the current up to date information. Content Management information system provides valuable contents for organisation internal and external process support. These contents support business different process such as contents for decision making process, for manufacturing process, for marketing process, financial process, customer and services support etc. Format Management information system provides information in an appropriate and clear format, which is easily understandable. The provided information clearly describe the need, the purpose and place where it can be used such as market related information clearly describes the value of the organisation and its product that can be used to improve quality and services. Cost Management information systems help organizations in cost reduction in the overall business i.e. internally and externally. It allows organizations to deliver their products and services to customers at lower price than their competitors. Therefore, due to information system organizations can survive in difficult situations and can grow rapidly. 4.2 Discuss process for analyzing impact of information on strategic decision made Set objective of process or organization The information analysis allows the decision-maker in the organization to develop and set objectives and allocates resources required for the achievement of these objectives. Thus the organization top-level management is benefiting from information analysis in making strategic planning. Evaluate weather goals achieved The information system allows the organisation to evaluate weather the desired goals are achieved from the information analysis or not. In case of failure the process is refined with utilising more resources, expertise, care and thoroughly investigation to make sure a quality of result achieves. Gap analysis is used for the evaluation of weather goals achieved or not. Assess reasons for variance from target to actual The performance diagnosis is done by applying knowledge to performance to check weather the processes, operations and functions are generating the quality results or not. Each process is judged thoroughly weather the overall process is running smoothly and will complete successfully. Revise and implement new approaches or modify goals If there is any mistake in the process it is revised and retest. Some times the achievement of the desired resulted new approaches is implemented and some time the difficulties in achieving result can lead to modification in goals. 4.3 Determine methods of developing information capture to inform and support strategic decision-making DIKAR: Data Information Knowledge Action Result The DIKAR model is used for information quality, which is very helpful in understanding the attributes of management information quality. The diagram below is the description of the overall model. Source: Dr.L.Ali, 7004_Strategic Information Management, 2009, Lecture Notes, Cromwell college of IT Management As shown in the diagram the DIKAR model is based on the attributes of the Data, Information, Knowledge, Action and results. These attributes ensure the quality of the each component of the DIKAR model as from the start to the end quality is maintained in all processes. The table below explains the attributes of each component. Data Quality The provided data must be accurate i.e. up to date, the whole data to complete that task i.e. completeness, collected from authentic and trusted source i.e. validity and regularly available for smooth flow i.e. consistency. Information Quality Information must be generated from a quality data, all definition must clearly describe the purpose, only relevant information should be used related to a task, the presentation of information should be in the proper order and right format, information must be provided to the recipient in the prescribed time frame and finally availability of information must be ensure to the end user related to that task. Knowledge Quality For knowledge quality the information quality must be maintained as described in the previous section, ASHEN factors (is explained in the next section) must be taken into account, the end user must be experienced in using such knowledge i.e. prior experience, knowledge must be clear and easily understandable i.e. explicit knowledge and finally must be understood clearly by the end user i.e. tacit knowledge. Action Quality An appropriate action must be taken for the solution of the task, this action must be with in the prescribed time frame and must generate results with clarity that ends user can utilise results in the right place and in the right direction. Result Quality The generated output must clearly state the achieved objectives and consistency of results. The achieved result must be the right and desired and efficient for the task. ASHEN: Artefacts Skills Heuristics Experience Natural talent The ASHEN factors is used for the assessment of knowledge quality at the points des

суббота, 12 октября 2019 г.

Response to George Berkeley’s Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philono

A Response to George Berkeley’s Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous The following essay is a response to George Berkeley’s Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, in which he argues that the Cartesian notion of substance is incoherent, that the word "matter" as Descartes uses it, does not mean anything. This essay is also about words as memories, and about the two fictional Marcels, young and old. Hylas is a Cartesian thinker, and Philonous is Berkeley’s voice of reason. Words are like vessels—they are merely novel constructions of sounds empty of meaning until we fill them. They mean only what we discern in them, and nothing more. Words are only our impressions of them—imprecise, indefinite, unclear. A single word suggests infinite shades of intensity or quality or connotation. They are variable, distinct in each era and dialect, even in each speaking. They are impossible to translate. Words are almost translations themselves. They are re-creations of other words from other languages and from their own. They are metaphors—dead because they have been "carried across" into alien languages, and dead because we no longer hear them. They are the memories of, and allusions to, what they once were. Words are instinctive—the fundamental expression of thoughts secondary to thoughts. They are, indeed, the translations of thoughts, the inexact and practical interpretations of them. They communicate. Words are imperfect by nature. In the Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, Berkeley knows words to be imperfect. His two speakers debate definitions—of skepticism, sensible things, substrata, matter, idea, spirit—as principal points on which their arguments depend; once Ph... ... Combray, Swann in Love, and Place-Names: The Name, all of which are mentioned in the essays. Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy questions and defines knowledge and existence. Descartes too, uses a first-person voice, whom we called "the Meditator." It is the Meditator who goes through the method of progressive doubt and re-founds all knowledge on the basis of "the cogito": Thus, after everything has been most carefully weighed, it must finally be established that "I am, I exist" is necessarily true every time I put it forward or conceive it in my mind. Berkeley’s Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous is an argument between the Cartesian thinker Hylas and the Berkelean Philonous. In the first of these dialogues, Berkley argues that the Cartesian notion of substance is incoherent and that the word "matter" as Descartes uses it is meaningless.

пятница, 11 октября 2019 г.

Leading By Example

How we relate to others is as varying as the stars In our solar system. For some, political leaders like Bark Obama and Sarah Plain display specific attributes on a dally basis. These characteristics are recognized globally as pillars of change and structure in today's American society. Although not every decision these persons in power choose is supported by â€Å"the people†, it is easy to question where their particular morals come from. Reflecting on my own personal exposure to literature such as â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee, I imagine examples such as TacticsFinch stood as a concrete Image for current world leaders to model their behaviors after. Like Tactics, today's leaders face challenges maintaining personal Integrity, human decency toward others, courage, and respect both by and for one another. Those who have read the book may easily agree to the belief that Tactics truly was a great leader by utilizing these concepts in his daily life. His abil ity to connect to others on even the most challenging of levels shows the true courage needed to lead a community which is not truly united.It was during the cultural mixing of the sass's hat Lee's â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† shows the first acknowledgement of change for the country leadership. Although the character of Tactics exists wealth the pages of Lee's creation, leaders like Tactics stand out as influential members of society, both in personal and civic relationships. While discussing the famous trial case of Tom Robinson Tactics explains to his daughter Scout the importance of valuing others' opinions when they don't align with your own.He says, â€Å"They're certainly entitled to think that, and they're entitled to full respect of their opinions. But before I can live tit other folks Eve got to live with myself. The one thing that doesn't abide by majority rule Is a person's conscience. † In attempts to also bring peace to an escalated situation President Ob ama shared words encouraging mutual respect. William Scott Harrow details the address given by Bark Obama focusing on Iran's policy on mutual respect matters. â€Å"To denounce or shrug Off call for cooperation is an easy but also a cowardly thing to do.That's how wars begin. That's where human progress ends†¦ A sustained effort†¦ We need to find common ground, to focus on the true we seek for our children, and to respect the dignity of all human beings. † As I listen to friends share memories of ‘To Kill a Mockingbird†, a common word has been repeated by each of them, courage. Their eyes lit up with appreciation, thinking about the numerous times where Tactics demonstrated courage. Whether he was essentially forced to shoot a senile pet or fending off a crowd of angry townsmen he maintained a state of focus.It was during these times Tactics shared with his son the importance of taking a stand and having courage to lead others, even when they don't all a gree with you. He says totes, â€Å"A mob's always made up of people, no matter what. Mr.. Cunningham was part of a mob last night, but he was still a man. † Instead of being angry with the dangerous group Tactics embraced compassion and faith, not fear. Keeping in mind that our economy harbors countless ideals of morality and human decency, I am reminded off quote Sarah Plain expressed during an Interview. â€Å"Faith that every baby Is created for a good purpose†¦ Plain was agree with the belief that all existing humanity deserves an enriched life, but the agree to how this point of view is mandated oftentimes sits uneasy with the majority of communities. Nonetheless Plain leads other groups in harmony, sharing one direction. Tactics Finch, during his time, was not among the many. His view of public decency was held higher than the general person. This did not allow him, however, to lessen his sense of retribution. He so greatly believed the actions taken for one man resulted in the good for humanity. This is why so many did have respect for him.Without negating the position of others Tactics respectfully managed a mom absent of a mother for his two children. Surrounded by women with means to raise Gem and Scout, Finch chose to take an active role as a mentor and father. This compassion earned the greatest respect of all, from Scout. And as any true leader does, succession brings action. â€Å"So I took an eight-year old child to bring ‘me to their senses, didn't it? That proves something-that a gang of wild animals can be stopped, simply because they're still human. Humph, maybe we need a police force of children†¦ Oh children last night made Walter Cunningham stand in my shoes for a minute. That was enough. † Acknowledging growth fosters the greatest forms of leadership. This story shows true life examples of how today we have the opportunity to create value from pain and injustice. Scout's connection to reality through her r elationships help demonstrate the effectiveness of Finch's role as a leader. Harper Lee described Scout's experience through the sight of a child, although speaking with an educated dialect. The example led by Tactics Finch trickled down on a daily basis.

четверг, 10 октября 2019 г.

American medical care Essay

These early immigrants survived the harsh times and difficult American climate as well as the wilderness on primitive basic instincts. The early settlements were often ravaged by starvation and disease. During the colonial era, doctors’ education was informal. Most were literate, but some who were raised outside of New England were not. A man who wanted to practice medicine did not need any type of certification. Most did have a period of apprenticeship with an established physician, but even this was not a requirement. Up until the late 19th century, very few doctors had a college education. Medical facilities were unofficial. Most patients were treated in their homes. However, even the smallest towns had poorhouses, where needy people could live and receive limited medical care. The few hospitals that opened in North America during the colonial period were opened in places like Quebec and New Orleans. Public health was unknown in North America at this time. Towns and cities did not have boards of health except during times of epidemics. Because most places did not have public water or sewer systems, most Americans got their water from pumps and used outhouses until well into the 19th century. There was no trash collection so the streets became a breeding ground for all types of disease. There were a few attempts to influence public health. For example, when smallpox vaccinations were developed in the 18th century, many small town doctors had groups of people that had to stay quarantined for a few days to make sure they only developed a mild case of smallpox. Cures may have killed more people than the diseases themselves. The public developed a very skeptical attitude towards regular doctors. In the early 19th century, the do it yourself attitude of many Americans was popular. These people freely gave medical advice, emphasized the participant of the patient in his or her own treatment. However, other â€Å"medical treatments† were available also. Probably snake oil is best remembered. Andrew Taylor Still started the practice of osteopathy. Osteopathy incorporated bodily manipulations, similar to those seen in modern chiropractics. In osteopathy, these manipulations affected the magnetic flow of energy in the body. Osteopathy discouraged use of medicines, but did not forbid them. Another reaction against heroic medicine was homeopathy. A university-trained German doctor named Samuel Hahnemann started it. Heinemann said that doctors were giving their patients too much medicine. He believed that tiny amounts of drugs should be diluted in water before being given to a patient and that practitioners should take very thorough medical histories of each patient. Quackery was a way to fool people into believing they were being cured while making money from them. Quackery had even been licensed in London, but it was completely ignored by the America government for hundreds of years. Hydropathy was another special case. The healing power of water, hydropathy indicated the value of the rest cure, importance of having like-minded people around, the usefulness of light exercise and the fact that women who wore loose-fitting clothing generally felt better and had fewer physical complaints than the ones who did. Another special case is the entire issue of faith-only healing. While empirical evidence in favor of faith-only healing is lacking, anecdotal evidence suggests that some people who pray do experience spontaneous decrease of certain diseases. The late 19th century saw major changes in medicine in the United States. Medicine went from being medieval to incorporating many elements of modern science. The advances in chemistry, and biology had major impacts on medicine. As medical practitioners began to understand that the body was comprised of basic chemicals and not mysterious humors, effective treatments for diseases and injuries were developed. As medicine became more scientific, doctors needed both training and  licensing. In 1847, Dr. Nathan Davis founded the American Medical Association (AMA) in Philadelphia to help create professional standards for doctors and set minimal educational requirements. Medical colleges opened up across the country, increasing requirements from a few months without any college background to a number of years with a college degree. However, these colleges provided an extremely unpredictable level of medical education, with some of them a diploma and others provided a to notch medical education. As American cities exploded in size during the 19th century due to immigration from Europe, public health became more of an issue. With many hundreds of thousands of people living in cities: extremely crowded, unsanitary conditions; tuberculosis was often at epidemic levels in the cities. During the 19th century, people understood that TB was not caused by miasma, but was caused by bacteria. People with TB were sometimes sent out of the city to places in the country, where the cleaner air seemed to help their recovery. It was obvious that people needed clean water for drinking, and bathing. So cities started massive sewer projects to help bring clean water into the cities while removing wastewater from the city. Dead animal remains and garbage littered the street until the late 1800s when cities started sanitation crews to take the trash out of town and dumps to move the waste to. Many cities started dispensaries so the poor could receive treatment and medications for low cost. With the urban population explosion, the â€Å"poorhouses† (probably today’s HMO ‘Urgent Care’) became even larger and harder to manage. With new medical advances, people needed to be in big cities to receive certain types of treatment. Americans began to build hospitals across the country in the 19th century.  The new hospitals were generally cleaner than the old poorhouses.

Social class is linked to educational achievement

It has been suggested that societal category is linked to educational accomplishment. The lower the socio-economic position of a household, so it is said, follows a form of low educational accomplishment. Conversely, kids from so called, center and upper category households in general tend to be higher winners academically than their on the job category equals, and are more likely to go to university. Research suggests that kids with parents in extremely paid professions are more likely to obtain higher classs in their GCSEs, take A degrees and so go on onto university than kids with parents in low paid manual employment. Therefore, it could be argued that a kids ability to go socially nomadic remains inactive, as it is likely that they will go on along the way of their parents. ( REFERENCE ) The research undertaken for this undertaking seeks to find if the same applies to maturate pupils either go toing Bath Spa University or maturate alumnuss known to the research workers. The research will try to look into whether or non there is any correlativity between parental societal category and that of the mature pupils and graduates educational accomplishments. The research will besides research the impression of societal mobility and seek to detect if the topics of the survey believe that they have or will, accomplish societal mobility due to their educational accomplishments. The consequences of this survey, if the result is favorable, could perchance assist to promote other mature pupils from lower socio-economic backgrounds into higher instruction. However, if the consequences seem to hold with old research, which argues that lower income households feel that the costs outweigh the benefits of higher instruction, and hence would non see university, so the research may hold an inauspicious affect and merely reenforce the fact that people feel that a university instruction is merely for the wealthy. The consequences of the survey could enable universities to nail jobs mature pupils face, which could enable them to explicate schemes to promote pupils from lower socio-economic backgrounds to use for a topographic point at university. However the consequences could reenforce the generalization or old research which suggests that kids from working category households are less likely to travel to university and hence deter people from even trying to travel through the application procedure. ( mention ) The consequences could besides assist to detect replies to go on the procedure of shuting the spread between societal category and educational accomplishment. However, if the findings suggests the opposite to already published research, eg, if our findings argue that societal category has no bearing on the educational accomplishment of the topics of the survey, so inquiries would necessitate to be asked as to why our survey appears to differ from the norm. ( mention ) Hypothesis. Does societal category affect educational accomplishment? This research will try to set up a nexus between societal category and educational accomplishment. As already stated in the debut, research ( current and historical ) suggests that low socio-economic position constantly leads to low educational accomplishment. The undermentioned research is intended to look into whether this generalized impression is true of the topics who volunteered to be interviewed for this undertaking. The variables to be measured will be that of ; the societal category of the topics parents and the educational accomplishments of the topic. Following on from this the research will besides try to set up whether or non the single topics have, or expect to accomplish, societal mobility due to their educational accomplishments. Literature reappraisal There are many pieces of research which have attempted to reply the inquiry ‘does societal category affect educational accomplishment ‘ . Assorted theories have been introduced as to the grounds why kids from lower societal categories appear to make less good academically than their more advantaged equals and as to why at that place seems to be a big spread in the consumption of university topographic points from people from low socio-economic backgrounds. Connor et Al ( 2001 ) found that there was a continuing and â€Å" long standing form of societal exclusion † of lower category groups in higher instruction. Their research suggests that there are legion factors which lead to the under-representation of the lower categories, including ; household background and support, and fiscal considerations. They besides make the interesting point that over the last 50 old ages statute law has been put in topographic point to guarantee that educational patterned advance is based on ability instead than wealth. However, their research seems to propose that the statute law has non been successful in accomplishing its purposes. Research conducted by Goldthorpe ( 1996 ) agrees with the findings of Connor et Al. goldthorpe provinces that the differences between societal category and educational attainment have changed really small since the beginning of the 1900 ‘s. It is suggested that kids from lower category households have remained more likely to go forth the instruction system once they have finished their compulsory instruction than their more financially advantaged equals. This could be due to the fact that parents with a higher economic position appear in general to put a higher value on instruction than the parents of kids from the lower categories. It has been suggested that the lower categories place more value on vocational and on the occupation developing instead than higher instruction. There has been research such as that by bowles and gintis ( 1976 ) that suggests that instruction is a signifier of ‘cultural reproduction ‘ . They argue that the dominant or higher categories use their power to guarantee ‘social structural reproduction ‘ . Therefore, it is suggested that societal control is maintained by the educational system by working category inequality. In practise schools would non lawfully be allowed to consciously discriminate against kids from lower societal categories. However, there may be unconscious favoritism. For illustration, kids are praised and given inducements such as certifications for stand outing in the schoolroom. Yet the kids more likely to stand out are those from more advantaged households who are able to afford the excess resources such as excursions and books. Following on from this, Goodwin and le expansive ( 1987 ) suggest that those households in greatest demand are non the mark of educational subsidies. They a rgue that province support for instruction by and large merely helps the more financially advantaged households maintain their ability to come in higher instruction. However, although it could be argued that statute law, schools and support are all colored towards households of higher socio-economic position, Gambetta ( 1987 ) suggests that a kids ability to come in higher instruction is all due to their parents. Gambetta found that the picks parents made comparative to their kids ability was based on their perceived societal category. Therefore working category households were less ambitious with respects to their kids instruction than those of higher socio-economic position. As the above research suggests that societal category affects educational accomplishment in kids, it so has to be asked ‘does the same apply to adults? ‘ A study on higher instruction and societal category ( Bolton 2010 ) shows historical informations refering how societal category affected university engagement in the early twentieth century. The information shows that the per centum of entrants with male parents who have a manual business, and hence considered working category, were as follows ; 1928-1947 23 % 1955 25 % 1961 25 % As the authorities have introduced statute law to assist shut the spread between societal category and entryway to higher instruction at that place should perchance be additions in these Numberss in more recent times. However, informations from UCAS shows that in 2001 the Numberss were much the same as those shown supra. In 2001 merely 27 % of entrants were from a working category background. However, the study concluded that ; ‘since the mid 2000 ‘s ; immature people from disadvantaged countries are well more likely to come in higher instruction ‘ ( Bolton 2010 ) . However, a research paper entitled ‘ Social Class and Higher Education ‘ ( Connor et al 2001 ) commissioned by the Department for Education and Skills ( DfES ) suggests that there are many factors every bit good as societal category that affect possible pupils determinations to come in into higher instruction. The research workers province that ; â€Å" pupils from lower societal category backgrounds take into history a wider scope of issues than their opposite numbers in higher societal category groups when taking the determination to come in higher instruction † . The countries of concern for those from a working category background included the fiscal facet, nevertheless, they besides raised issues such as experiencing unable to get by with the work load, the application procedure and personal issues such as working during term clip and besides set uping child care. However, the chief issue does look to be that of a fiscal nature. Those from the lower classed either would instead get down paid employment every bit shortly as possible after go forthing mandatory instruction or they feel that the cost of analyzing at university outweighs the benefits. Despite the chief findings of this study being reasonably negative towards higher edication by the lower categories there were some positive facets. The participants of the survey from the lower categories who had decided to come in university did so with the belief that the makings that they would finally derive would intend that their calling preospects and future gaining possible were raised well. The little graduated table research undertaking which follows is slackly based on old research into societal category and higher instruction. If the published research is right so we should happen that societal category does in fact affect educational accomplishments in grownups. If our research corresponds with others, so we should happen that merely about 25 % of our participants who are from working category backgrounds have entered into higher instruction. Methodology. The focal point of this survey was to find whether or non socio-economic position had any impact on educational accomplishment. A series of inquiries were devised to be delivered in either a face to confront interview or by manner of an electronic mail questionnaire, depending on which was more practical, due to distance and clip restraints. Those topics who were asked to answer via electronic mail were asked to react in every bit much item as possible instead than merely yes or no replies. The purpose of the inquiries asked was to find the effects of the topics parents societal category and educational accomplishment on that of their kids. The initial inquiries asked were general inquiries to find the age, sex and location of the interviewee. This was followed by a set of inquiries to set up parental educational accomplishment and societal category. The inquiries besides attempted to set up whether or non their parents attitude towards instruction had any impact on the topics educational picks. The concluding set of inquiries sought to detect the educational accomplishments of the topic and their current or future socio-economic position. aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.of the topics are undergraduates and aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦of the questionnaires were completed by manner of face to confront interviews. Another aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.were conducted via electronic mail questionnaire. The interviews and questionnaires took about 10 proceedingss to finish. All of the persons who were asked to react did so. The determination to utilize interviews and questionnaires was taken because we felt that we could acquire a more unequivocal reply to our hypothesis this manner instead than a simple questionnaire that merely needed yes and no replies. However, there are restrictions when utilizing this method for research. Some of the inquiries which were asked were unfastened to sentiment and besides self-perception. Some of the information was besides 2nd manus as we had asked for information about parents. Once once more, this may non be entirely dependable as the topics were non asked for unequivocal cogent evidence of either their parents, or their ain educational accomplishment or societal position. Therefore, the research is based on the premise that the topics were true in the answering of the inquiries. There are other restrictions. The research was really little graduated table and therefore it could be argued that the sample of topics is non representative of the general population of under alumnuss and alumnuss in the United Kingdom. However, as a usher it could take to similar inquiries being asked on a larger graduated table to enable the theory that societal category does or does non hold an consequence on educational accomplishment, depending on the findings of this research, to be proved or disproved. With respects to the ethical considerations of this research, those who participated were ensured namelessness at all times. No names have been used in the write up of the research and merely the general location and age of the particiants have been documented. All participants were made aware of the grounds for the research and how the information they gave would be used. They were besides informed that a transcript of the finished research undertaking would be made available to them for their blessing, if they so requested, before it would be handed into the university. They were besides made aware that they could retreat their part at any clip before the entry day of the month.Findingss and decisionThe chief intent of our research undertaking was to find whether or non a on the job category background created a barrier to higher instruction for grownups in the same manner as antecedently mentioned research suggests it has on kids. The research argues that kids of mandatory school age are at a disadvantage educationally if they are from low income households and we wanted to look into as to whether or non this translated into maturity. Our findings seem to propose that low socio economic position does non restrict the opportunities of grownups come ining into higher instruction. Seven out of the 12 subjects interviewed categorised themselves as coming from a working category background and six of them had either gained grades or were analyzing for a grade at the present clip. This translates to about 86 % of people from lower category background come ining into higher instruction, whereas old research has stated that the norm is about 25 % . However the contradiction is likely due to the little graduated table of the undertaking which was undertaken. The other five participants considered themselves to be from a in-between category background and all five had enetered into higher instruction. Therefore, our little graduated table research undertaking seems to propose that there is no disadvantage in a individuals ability to derive makings from university or other higher instruction constitutions based soley on their on the job category background. It could be said that it is an persons ain motive and aspirations, or deficiency of both, that has the most impact on their educational accomplishment, instead than their on the job category background. One of the topics interviewed declared that her parents had ; â€Å" influenced me to travel out and accomplish what I want careless of category, money or background † . Bing at university as a mature pupil I felt that the result of our research would in fact find that category did non find educational accomplishment. However, it is a really little graduated table undertaking and could non be perceived to be dependable informations which reflects the educational accomplishments based on category for the state as a whole. The information could be seen as colored and undependable as eleven out the 12 subjects interviewed had been, or were presently at, university. Those interviewed were besides known to the research workers. If there had been a wholly random sample of topics from a shopping promenade for illustration at that place would hold perchance been a really different result. I feel that to do the research valid and dependable it would necessitate to be done on a much larger graduated table. The topics interviewed should be selected at random throughout the united land to enable a broad assortment of people and therefore a varied choice of repli es, which would perchance in bend produce more valid and dependable informations which would more likely correspond to old research in the same field.