Top Purpose of Proposal Reviews!

Top Purpose of Proposal Reviews! A Business Proposal takes shape of a number of formats, layouts and structures based on the subject. Don't attempt to be too `clever' Sensible formatting and usage of styles in word-processing software can often boost your company writing. Think about whether you require quantitative or qualitative details. You have to offer complete details on the timetable you expect for your undertaking. What's Actually Happening with Purpose of Proposal Most importantly, try to remember that effective business writing is virtually impossible if you don't understand what you wish to reach. You ought to be writing an offer letter from the view of the customer. You are going to be surrounded by writing professionals throughout the plan of order placement, and after you choose to purchase essay and pick an allocated writer, things are likely to get even more exciting. While writing the resume, you may use the overview of your qualifications at the start. After thinking about the undertaking, you ought to have a good idea of your objective. When you devote lots of time planning a proposal, you need to make sure that you keep in mind every detail of the huge moment. You won't need to twist anybody's arm to assist with the proposal, but be certain you simply enlist the aid of tight-lipped family and friends members. A project cannot attain the target on its own because other forces have to be in play. Overall sum to be loaned, so there is a record of the proposed amount. As small as it might seem, it is necessary that the title page be curt and definite. My primary gripe is the quantity of money. If it is a new business, explain the specifics of the business which will be developed. Customers issue RFPs when their needs cannot be met with generally available products or solutions. The understanding of the problems and needs of the clients assist you in understanding your customers better. You wouldn't run your company witho ut a business strategy neither in the event you compose a proposal without a very clear strategy to make sure its success. Generally, social science research, a scientific research, applies similar research methodologies the very same as other varieties of research like marketing research that's inherent with both quantitative strategy and qualitative strategy, clinical research that is emphasized on specific areas like pharmaceutical, chemical, health care research, etc. Browning also suggests two other kinds of objectives to think about. These varieties of proposals can be written be a specific individual, group, department, or division of a specific firm. Keep in mind though that business proposals aren't created equal. The Battle Over Purpose of Proposal and How to Win It Our proposal is to grow this number as time passes so as to boost the security and stability of the network. Internal proposals could be written to suggest a new notion to upper management or maybe to suggest a remedy to a current organizational issue. The Essentials of Purpose of Proposal You Can Benefit From Beginning Toda y Your assessors will merely search for what you're interested in, what you know and exactly what you wish to do and how. It is important to have a little collection of critical personnel that will assist in completing the undertaking. The Good, the Bad and Purpose of Proposal Structure of the proposal There's a particular structure a proposal should have to answer all the potential questions a customer can have. Lots of people discover that it's troublesome to compose a project proposal since they don't know which project proposal format they need to follow. It's essential for you to comprehend why it is you are sending the proposal in the very first spot. If you compose a well-organized and detailed proposal, then you are going to have less difficulty incorporating the suggestions and comments of your professors and committee members into your upcoming research. The notion of drafting a proposal might seem a tedious and daunting task especially in the event that you don't understand where to begin or if you've got zero idea what it's supposed to contain. Obviously, you would still need to make a convincing case in your proposal. Szabo's law isn't anti-political.

Divorce in america Essay - 660 Words

â€Å"It is easier to divorce my wife of 26 years than to fire someone I hired one week ago. The person I hire has more legal clout....than my wife of 26 years. Thats wrong.quot; --Judge Randall Hekman, President of the Michigan Family Forum There are, undoubtedly, a number of causes for divorce. Divorce used to be considered scandalous and immoral. This contributed to many marriages surviving despite strains. However, as divorce becomes more common, the more natural and expectable it seems. The number of divorces per year per1000 people in the U.S. has been declining since hitting our highest point in1981. (â€Å"divorce_ rate†) The United States has one of the highest divorce rates in the world. As a, couple’s relationship, marriages are more†¦show more content†¦People today think that the primary purpose of marriage is to fulfill emotional needs. In the past, people married for practical reasons such as companionship or financial security. Today, Americans are likely to end a marriage when emotional needs are not being met. As an institution marriage has lost much of its legal, religious, and social meaning. (â€Å"rutgers.edu†) So how this breakdown of the American family influences ind ividuals is a question of much concern. The mother, who often gets custody, will have to seek a job out side of the home. This is because child support is inadequate. The children make more demands on her because their father is absent. She has little time for a social life. Finances are strained. Fathers also have a large burden to bear. He may be seeing his children, but in all probability, they will not seek him out for advice, help, or support. Recently there has been an increase in the number of fathers who are awarded custody of their children, 25 percent in the last three years and 75 percent in the last ten years, and is continuing to rise. In fact, families headed by a single father are growing faster than any other family group in the nation. (â€Å"manslife†) Men suffer a similar fate in this situation as women, with increased financial and emotional strain. Still another effect, for the children of divorce is, what they experience becomes a part of their inner world. As these young men and women face the task of creatingShow MoreRelatedThe Divorce Rate Of America959 Words   |  4 PagesDivorce Rate Throughout time, practices that were once never used, become more common. In the 1600s divorce was a forbidden practice or a last resort. Since then, laws have changed, and so hasn’t the stigma related with divorce. The guilt and fault that divorce once carried has vanished. According to the book Should I Keep Trying to Work it out, â€Å"In the United States, researchers estimate that 40%–50% of all first marriages will end in divorce or permanent separation. The risk of divorce is evenRead MoreEffect Of Divorce On America826 Words   |  4 Pagesdecreasing. The online database â€Å"The Effects of Divorce In America† connects to how many children will grow to see there parents divorce before the age of 18. â€Å"Mounting evidence in social science journals demonstrates that the devastating physical, emotional, and financial effects that divorce is having on these children will last well into adulthood and affect future generations†. This problem that is occurring with children being involved in divorces is causing the world to be kept at a low withRead MoreEssay on Divorce in America1453 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Divorce rates in the United States have increased dramatically in the past 25 years. Over 40 percent of the marriages among young Americans will end in divorce. There is a lot of stress on all the people involved. The man has to deal with, usually, not seeing his children, being alone, and the responsibility that is accompanied with much of the legal process. The wife has to go through, maybe, entering the work force for the first time. Children are often viewed as a back burner issueRead MoreToo Much Divorce in America607 Words   |  2 PagesIn today’s society it seems that divorce is as common as marriage. Statistics have shown that 50% of all marriages will end in divorce. In looking at the information available I decided to look at common causes of divorce and look how each one affects the marriage and creates dissension and animosity in the relationship. At the top of my list I have chosen communication. This is the number one key to anything if it is to be successful. For example if I tell you to go to Cleveland Ohio but I do notRead MoreDivorce Is Not A New Nor A Fading Trend1034 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce is not a new nor a fading trend. Since the time of Moses and through the centuries divorce has been a topic of discussion and something sought after by those in an unhappy marriage. Divorce has always been around, but not nearly as much as the last century. In America data has recorded the divorce rate since the mid-880s. The data acquired over the years concludes that divorce went from being a social taboo to a trend among friends, effecting the social views on divorce itself, marriage,Read MoreDivorce : The And Legal Ending Of A Marriage1741 Words   |  7 PagesDivorce, which is the termination and legal ending of a marriage of a couple, maybe of the opposite sex or of the same-sex, has been on a rise in America for the pa st thirty years. Almost every second person has a divorced member in its family today. America comes on the first place in terms of the number of divorces in the world. Divorce has been reported to be one of the major causes of suicide as well. Many factors lead to divorce in America, some of which are lying, for example- on online datingRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On The United States1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of divorce, for many decades, has been a topic that fell into the domain of taboo. In more recent years, society within the united states has brought the topic into the limelight by desensitizing the term. Thus, the divorce rates in the US have went up. However, a divorce has both positive and negative implications. Also, there have been backlashes against divorce, but there has also been a positive feedback system employed to aid in the process that surround divorce. The partitioning betweenRead MoreThe Rise in Divorce Rate Essay examples925 Words   |  4 Pagesh ave caused divorce rates to increase. According to recent statistics made by the census bureau, the divorce rate in America is roughly 50 percent. There are a myriad of speculations as to why more people are not staying together. One reason is that people are getting married for the wrong reasons, such as unplanned pregnancies. Another reason is that women have become more independent so that they are not forced in to being in a marriage where they are not happy. Last, lenient divorce laws makeRead MoreHow Divorce Has Shaped The Culture And Affected The Future Of Our Children964 Words   |  4 PagesChamberlain School of Nursingâ€Æ' Divorce How divorce has shaped the culture and affected the future of our children. Divorce has become more acceptable and common in our culture. A divorce not only involves the parents, children are included too. The family structure varies across America and couples divorce for different reasons such as abuse in the home, infidelity, addiction issues, religion, and the list can continue. When a couple decides to use divorce to solve any marital conflicts thereRead MoreAdults and Divorce Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pagesculminate their holy marriage by filing for divorce in the judicial courts. It is shocking to learn that out of a population of 1,000 people, there are 6.4 marriages and 3.4 divorces, which means that 50% of marriages in the United States of America result into a divorce (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). There are various causes that make the spouses take the ultimate decision of ending their matrimonial vows through legal divorce. The rate of divorce also d iffers from one state to another

Obesity An Increasing Epidemic Affecting The United States

Obesity is an increasing epidemic affecting the United States in an alarming and negative way. In the past centuries it was rare for Americans to be obese. Today they’re numerous factors contributing to the epidemic but they can be reversed with awareness of the severity of the issue, it’s affect on health, and a willingness to make changes in their daily life. Obesity is a health condition where a persons body weight is heavier than what is considered healthy for a certain height. To determine if someone is obese, a nutritionist measures their body mass index, which correlates with their amount of body fat. If the BMI is 30 or above, their body weight is twenty percent higher than an ideal height weight ratio and considered obeast.†¦show more content†¦It is much more convenient for a working parent to spend five to ten dollars per person at a fast food restaurant such as McDonalds than to drive to a grocery store, buy healthy food, and prepare a meal for their family. Times have been tough when it comes to the economy but fast food franchises stocks are at an all time high. These fast food restaurants make it incredibly easy to get plenty of cheap food but with very low quality. They offer incredibly deals to lure people in while giving them basically â€Å"empty calories†. These calories are from solid fats or added s ugars. Solid fats and added sugars add calories to the food but few or no nutrients. Empty calorie foods give short bursts of energy and hardly fulfill appetites which in makes a person eat much more than if they had eaten food with nutritional value. Little Caesars offers a pizza for 5 dollars while Mcdonalds Mcdouble cheese burger is only a dollar. It’s incredibly sad that you can buy a hamburger for cheaper than buying an apple. Obesity decreases the quality and length of life. In the United Statrd among adults under the age of 70, obesity is second only to tobacco in the number of deaths it causes each year. As stated by the Center for Disease and Control the immediate health effects are cardiovascular diseases- high cholesterol or high blood pressure, higher risk of diabetes,

Athenian Imperialism and her Changing Relations with Allies

Nature of Athenian Imperialism Changing Relations with Allies Lars Hoogvliet After the conclusion of the Persian Wars (492-479BC) with Athens being the true victor, and before the Peloponnesian War, a period of prosperity covered Athens, and they needed to devise new ways to protect themselves and expand their wealth, and how this would affect their relations with allies. The Athenians and their Allies was an organisation led by the Athenians in the 5th century, but is now referred to as the Delian League or the Confederacy of Athens. The official aim of the League was, according to Thucydides, to compensate themselves for their losses [of the Persian War] by ravaging the territory of the King of Persia. The long term aim of†¦show more content†¦The besiegement of Thasos revealed Athens true motivations behind the League and the future plans for her allies. According to _Ancient Greece Using Sources_ Thasos was one of the largest and richest members of the Delian League, and a conflict broke out between Athens and Thasos over the gold mining on the island. Thasos then attempted to withdraw from the League, as the Persians were no longer a threat in the Aegean, and Athens was demanding too much for too little in return. The League, under the control of Cimon, then besieged Thasos for two years, and destroyed their city walls, confiscated their navy, closed their mint and annexed their possessions on the mainland. According to Thucydides, the period from the revolt of Thasos to the ostracism of Cimon (465-461BC) was the time when the main friction between Sparta and Athens occurred and eventually led to their war. If Sparta really was willing to attack Athens, an apparent ally, then their relationship must have been weak and forced. Was Sparta jealous of Athens wealth and power? Did they feel threatened by the Athenians sudden harshness against their own allies? Or it could have been a combination of reasons. Thucydides didnt help either when his pro-Athenian feelings got the better of him, this was a time when Sparta was particularly friendly to Athens because of the courage displayed by Athens against the Persians. Another case of conflict betweenShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesshaped the likelihood and direction of migration in many forms. Labor demands and low frontier populations produced both higher wages and increased opportunities for employment and trade. At the same time, increased commercialization impacted rural relations around the world, creating both the need and the opportunities to spend money earned through the wages of migrants. The growth of commercial agriculture and rural industry also provided an impetus for seasonal rural-to-rural moves.7 In Europe alone

Origins of Psychology and Research Methods Worksheet

Part I: Origins of PsychologyThe seven major perspectives in modern psychology are psychoanalytic, behaviorist, humanist, cognitive, neuroscientific/biopsychological, evolutionary, and sociocultural. Psychoanalytic: The founder of the psychoanalytic school of thought is Sigmund Freud. He believed that many psychological problems result from the conflicts that occur between acceptable behavior and unacceptable unconscious sexual or aggressive motives. His theory was called Psychoanalysis. Freud relied more on deductive reasoning rather than on rigorous research methods, hence making his approach non-scientific. Also, he laid emphasis on the importance of unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts. Behaviorist: The founder of†¦show more content†¦CorrelationalIdentify relationships and how well one variable predicts another. Helps clarify relationships between variables that cannot be examined by other methods and allows prediction.Researchers cannot identify cause and effectStatistical analysis of relationship between variables. Biological Identify causation as well as description and predictionShares many or all of the advantages of experimental, descriptive and correctional researchShares many or all of the disadvantages of experimental, descriptive and correctional researchStudies the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Compare and contrast: Experimental and Correlational methods. Experimental research method helps to explain cause and effect whereas the correlational method does not. An experiment comprises of an independent variable (manipulating variable), dependent variable (the variable on which the effect is examined), and experimental and control groups. Also, while conducting an experiment, the researcher must make sure that all the extraneous variables in experimental and control conditions are held constant so that it does not influence the results. Furthermore, the researcher must take into consideration errors (biases) such as experimenter bias, participant bias amongst others that could also influence the results. Also, one of the mostShow MoreRelatedIntroduction to Psychology Worksheet Essay605 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction to Psychology Worksheet Jesus Mejia PSY/211 January 3, 2013 Draza Nikolic, Ph.D. University of Phoenix Material Introduction to Psychology Worksheet Part I: Origins of Psychology Within the discipline of psychology, there are several perspectives used to describe, predict, and explain human behavior. The major perspectives in modern psychology identified in the text are neuroscience, cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, and psychodynamic. Describe these major psychologicalRead MoreOrigins of Psychology worksheet1099 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Origins of Psychology and Research Methods Worksheet Part I: Origins of Psychology Within psychology, there are several perspectives used to describe, predict, and explain human behavior. The seven major perspectives in modern psychology are psychoanalytic, behaviorist, humanist, cognitive, neuroscientific/biopsychological, evolutionary, and sociocultural. Describe the perspectives, using two to three sentences each. Select one major figure associated withRead MoreInfluence on Behavior1104 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Origins of Psychology and Research Methods Worksheet Part I: Origins of Psychology Within the discipline of psychology, there are several perspectives used to describe, predict, and explain human behavior. The seven major perspectives in modern psychology are psychoanalytic, behaviorist, humanist, cognitive, neuroscientific/biopsychological, evolutionary, and sociocultural. Describe the seven major psychological perspectives using two to three sentences eachRead MoreSample Statistic Assignment2945 Words   |  12 Pages skewed, etc. 7. Comparative Plots – Graphs comparing two sets of data. 8. Reasoning – Propose an explanation for why three different people get three different answers to the same question. Who is correct? Several worksheets accompany the different sections. These worksheets, beginning on page 28, will be collected and graded on the second day of class in September. There will also be a quiz or test within the first 3 weeks of class on the material in this packet. 2 AP Statistics isRead MoreAdolescent Learning Strategies 2441 Words   |  10 Pageslearning in different ways and retains, develops and applies knowledge and information using methods that are specific to them and their abilities. I believe that these strategies evolve from personal development and are preferences that have emerged from previous success. Although, whilst we might prefer to be taught or to learn in a specific style I do not think students are unreceptive to other methods and if information can be presented in a variety of forms, is relevant and engaging, any personRead MoreTraditional and Alternative Teaching5063 Words   |  21 Pagesteacher instructions with worksheets and firm direction, rather than self-generated research projects. There are numerous ways children learn, but how does the surrounding environment, affects a child’s learning ability and influence the learning strategies that employ? Our society these days are divided into two different ways of thinking on the education. Some may believe that alternative methods are better than the traditional methods of teaching but yet these two methods are both a successful waysRead MoreCbt Essay5238 Words   |  21 Pagesappropriate treatment methods. For the purpose of the assignment and in accordance to British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP, 2010:7) Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics, the clients name has been changed to the pseudonym George. All other identifiable information has also been altered. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), as its name suggests, blends the theoretical insights of both the behavioural and cognitive therapies. CBT’s origins can be dated backRead MoreHorizontal, Vertical and Internal Communication in an Organization7509 Words   |  31 PagesTechnical Report Writing – Summer 2011 Horizontal, Vertical and Internal Communication in an Organization Research Paper submitted to: Professor Pacelli Eugenio Renory L. Bilugan 5/29/2011 Table of Contents: Page I. Introduction 2 II. Body of the Report 3 a. Vertical and Horizontal Communication b. Internal Communication 1. Memos a. Definition of a Memo b. Purpose of a Memo c. Audience Analysis d. General Format e. 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Introduction To Counseling for Human Traits - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction To Counseling for Human Traits. Answer: Introduction The diverse perception in the mindset of the people and the influence of the changes in the outer world extensively affects the human brain and the functioning (Ballesteros, 2014). With definition to psychology, every human mind or individual has two sides of the personality. One side is conscious that directly deals with the outer world and one side is kept hidden that lies below the conscious mind and is completely locked under the awareness (Rosenbaum et al., 2012). Under circumstances of stress or external stimuli the human traits starts to exhibit symptoms of anxiety and trauma (Izard, 2013). Sometimes these cases are too delicate for any individual to discuss it freely with anyone and everyone because of which the anxiety or stress turns to take the form of apathy or depression (Proctor Vu, 2012). In this essay, the human aspects have been discussed as well as the remedies to rectify and lighten the after effect. On further detailing of this essay, the background of psychotherapy or counseling has been explained along with the classification and the types of counseling. The types of issues that are encountered using psychotherapy and counseling, have been discussed as well as the kinds of clients, depending upon whom the counseling has been diversified. To help in better understanding of the psychotherapeutic counseling process of Gestalt Theory as founded by Fritz Perls, a video has been used as reference. The therapy has been used on a client namely Gloria and represented in form of a film, that has been critically analyzed in this essay. The purpose of this essay is understand and analyze the importance of psychotherapeutic counseling as well as the classification and diversification of different process that is followed by the counselor. This essay also helps in the better understanding of the Gestalts theory and practice that has been used on a client during the process of psychoanalysis and counseling. About counseling Counseling is defined as the rational process of helping or assisting a client achieve a better state of mind that is done by the demonstration of a behavior that motivates the client towards problem solving (McLeod, 2013). Counseling has a broad spectrum that deals with behavioral science, procedures of problem solving, making crucial decisions related to career, personal growth and prospects, marriage, familial issues and other interpersonal concerns (McLeod, 2014). Counseling is usually professional interaction between a trained personnel and a client, which is usually one on one kind of interaction. In few instances, the interaction might involve multiple persons to help in better understanding and expression about their personal views and concerns in their lives (Van Deurzen, 2012). Group counseling has been designed to help the clients achieve a better learning about their personal choice that targets through a significant and enlightening choice after successfully counteracting with the emotional and interpersonal problems (Rowan, 2013). Evolution of Counseling Counseling had its first period of evolution from the year of 1850 till the year of 1900 that started with the psychoanalysis movement and the setting up of the first psychological laboratory. The second period of emergence of counseling took place from the year of 1900 till 1930. The fascinating breakthrough in the process of psychotherapeutic counseling began from the year of 1930 till the year of 1940, with the beginning of the psychometric movement, that involves the utilization of various psychometric tests to analyze and study the mental attributions and the abilities of individuals. The fourth and the final stage of counseling took place from the emergence of the Second World War and the year after. With the gradual progress in time, the trends in counseling have changed and modified it. The process conceptualizes the self to include various interpersonal, organized and socio-cultural forces. The relationship with counselor being collaborative in nature along with most of the parameters is related to the qualitative research and the evaluation of the derived data. The psychological problems have been perceived from a speculative and phenomenological perspective. The process elaborates and emphasize on the content of the concern. The counseling process is initiated from the clients end with the concern being intensely explored that finally ends with the goal setting and the intervention. Apart from face to face counseling, interaction with a counselor can be initiated through emails and other internet facilities like chat rooms, video calling and websites. Elements of counseling Counseling has certain features and elements that defines and classifies the process. These elements can also be determined as the features of counseling that are discussed. Counseling is an empathetic relationship between the counselor and the client where the counselor and the client can relate between themselves with a well-established rapport. The counselor focuses and sticks to the issues and concerns of the client and tries to understand and analyze it accordingly. Since the discussion is free and open, the client is provided with the liberty to express anything and everything for the better understanding. An environment of mutual trust and confidence needs to be established to help in better interaction without any gap holes in the communication. In order to achieve a better communication establishment of the rapport is essential. Sometimes the client might be in the state of incongruence, anxiousness and vulnerability. The counselor needs to be unconditional concerning the cl ients condition to help in better understanding and creation of a comfort zone. Counseling can be divided and classified into certain types that have been cited. Individual counseling, Group Therapy, Online and Telephonic Counseling and Self- help Group Therapy. Reason that demands counseling Counseling is a therapeutic process that is essential for certain reasons. Individual going through stressful stimuli or individuals looks for moral and emotional comfort retort to counseling for better awareness and realization (Roddy, 2013). Individuals facing issues related to family and interpersonal relationships, parenting and step parenting concerns, crucial and major life changes and decisions (Dryden Palmer, 2014). Stress from separation and new bonds, concerns related to domestic violence and abuse, suffering from depression and anxiety are also the causes to seek counseling help. Individuals undergoing concerns due to stress, bad temperament, gambling and financial difficulties as well as childhood trauma ask for help to overcome the painful overloading (Hanley, Humphrey Lennie, 2012). Traditional style of counseling The most common style of counseling is usually traditional in nature. They include individual therapy, couple therapy, family therapy and group counseling. Individual therapy is the foremost and primary style of counseling that is taken place where the counselor is functional to understand and empathize on the clients concern (Mearns, Thorne McLeod, 2013). As the name suggests, this is usually a one on one kind of interaction. Creation of bond and rapport is necessary to conduct such counseling process. Intimate issues related to family, relationships, career, life situations and abuse are mostly discussed in this kind of therapy. Couple therapy as the name suggests are most done between couples and the counselor. Concerns related to marital affairs, mid life crisis, lack of communication, anger and depression issues, issue due to past relationships, trust issues between partners and sexual concerns are the most discussed topics in this type of counseling. Family therapy are the process of therapeutic counseling that is mostly concerned with the familial issues such as grief due to loss or separation, child aggression and ill habits, disciplinary differences, difficulty with peers, interrupted cognitive development, teenage concerns, drugs and alcohol abuse (McLaughlin Holliday, 2013). Group therapy is usually concerned with psycho educational groups and is mostly the helping procedure that takes place in groups. Execution of skills training such as anger management, mindfulness, relaxation training and social training skills are achieved through this kind of counseling process. Group counseling is beneficial in its own terms since it facilitates interpersonal learning and self-awareness. Approaches of counseling Counseling has certain approaches that are taken into consideration while adopting the process of counseling clients (Dryden Mytton, 2016). These approaches are specifically adopted depending upon the nature and type of assessment or objectives that are to be attained by the analysis (Holm-Hadulla Hofmann, 2012). The first approach is behavior eccentric approach. As the name suggests the main purpose of this kind of approach is to change and manipulate the behavior of the clients. The irrational, ineffective and self-critic behavior is changed and mould into an effective and endearing one, concerning the testimony of a successful counseling. Usually the behavior counselors do not consider or validate hypothetical concepts and theories of mental functioning like unconsciousness as an important fundamental of psychotherapeutic counseling. From the behavioral perspective, all the behavior adjustments and the concerns are learnt through the same methodology. As a result, it can be modified by cultivating suitable learning principles. This kind of approach usually drives under four learning principles namely drive, cue, response and reinforcement. As such, it is believed that every behavior is subjected to change and modulation with administration of appropriate reinforcements The second approach is the humanistic approach or person centered counseling. Carl Rogers was the known founder of this kind of approach (Rogers, 2012). In other words, this kind approach is also known as the indirect approach or client centered approach (Geldard, Geldard Foo, 2013). The change to a client centered approach reflects Rogers later on recognized that this kind of systematic approach worked in any kind of setting where the helper reaches out to promote the psychological growth and many of the others who are helped (Rowan, 2015). Stages of counseling The process of counseling involves several stages that are incorporated to achieve better results. This stage involves the development of relationship. In this stage the counselor tries to establish a better rapport and relationship with the client to help in creating a comfortable environment in order to ease the client (Cuijpers et al., 2012). The second stage involves the defining of the problem. This stage involves the enclosure or the revelation of the primary concern or the motive of the counseling session. After a rapport has been set and the client feels comfortable with the counselor, the client decides to escalate the motive to the session towards the primary objective. The third stage is about the determination of the goals. In this stage, the counselor chooses and decides the primary objective that needs to be attained through the counseling session. The counselor usually considers the prioritizing of the goal along with the making of a commitment and the decision of taking a specific action in order to achieve the objective. The fourth step involves around the decision of planning the action that needs to be done. In order to achieve this the counselor adopts the method of assessment interview that involves the testing, assessment and the diagnosis of the crisis. The problem is examined and the relevant issues are prioritized. Special focus is imparted on the perspective as well as the acceptance of the problem. Emphasis is given on the self-responsibility as well as the analyzing and the solution of the problem. The fifth and the final step of a counseling session completes with the follow up process. This is the process that involves the imparting of instructions to the clients in order to keep a check and monitor the progress on the indications of the problems as well as imparting supportive provisions for themselves as well. Usually the counselor keeps a record of the clients at regular intervals or the assistant can keep a check on the progress of the clients and impart any back up support if necessary. Fundamental qualities needed for counseling Even though counseling has its different stages of execution, counseling requires one of the positive and strong senses to help understand and analyze the issues. The counselor should fully use the power of listening. The listening skill is one of the primary and crucial skill that is fundamental in the counseling process. Listening includes four kinds of listening such as discriminative listening, Comprehensive listening, critical listening and active listening. In order to help counsel better it is necessary to be a motivated listener, be objective and alert to all cues as well as the use of thinking and speaking time difference. Challenges of counseling Counseling has several benefits in its own terms but along wise counseling also has its own drawbacks and pit falls. In other word, counseling also has its own limitations. The most crucial miscommunication that can rise is due to lack of effective hearing, personal problems, cultural differences, prejudices and connotative meaning. These limitations are the primary barriers to an effective counseling that should be mitigated in order to achieve a better efficiency of the session. Ethics in counseling Certain code of ethics needs to be followed in terms or counseling sessions. These are important since these facilitates a safe, non judgmental space for better reflection and the exploration of the problems and the challenges faced by the client (Bond, 2015). Certain ethics such as conscious about racial and cultural biasness, confidentiality, proper termination, fair judgment regarding rights and dignity should be maintained (Bond Mitchels, 2014). These ethics are imperative to in the development of a culturally safe and suitable counseling environment. Critical analysis of the counseling session of Fritz Perls and Gloria With reference to the counseling session of Fritz Perls and Gloria as well as the Gestalt theory some of the techniques has been demonstrated in the film have been identified (Wagemans et al., 2012). As well as there are notable incongruity between Perls description of Gestalt therapeutic process and the interview process. The similarities have been positioned out in the Perls interview. At the beginning of the video before Perls speaks to Gloria, he speaks about the contrast of the theories of Sigmund Freuds depth psychology and with its help the depth about the situation has been contrasted and the Gestalts theory has been developed (Wagemans et al., 2012). Several aspects of Gestalts theory has been used to bring out the predictable aspects of the clients persona while undeviating the awareness towards the non verbal behavior of the client such as directing towards the development of the clients fantasy while exploring the transmission (Clarkson Cavicchia, 2013). Throughout the film, Perls have been directing Glorias consciousness and her attention towards her non-vocal behavior such as fidgeting with her feet, awareness about the smile, eyes and the facial expression. At one point of time, Perls draws out a consolidated meaning out of one of the gestures drawn by Gloria. Many a times several comments have been made randomly to abruptly break the flow of the communication however as concluded it has been done purposely to serve the concern of meeting the effort to develop the emerging gestalt theory. However, on the notion of Glorias actions it has been observed that several times she has been placed on the defensive and the confused end with the thought that Perls did not acknowledge her by being cynical towards her. It can be observed that Gloria gradually shifted her consciousness towards her non-verbal behavior to enlighten the understanding about the facts she wishes to express, although Perls more than what Gloria observed of Perls took this situation into an advantage. However, on a personal notion the benefits of the Gestalts therapy could not be administered properly since Gloria did not seem to have developed any new understanding about herself with regards to the emerging Gestalts that rose from her non verbal behavior. In the video the gestalt makes proper use of the fantasy on Gloria with several question arise that encourages Gloria to elaborate about her wishes and fantasies. One the contrary, in one instance Perls discourages Gloria from probing further into her fantasies about as a child. Furthermore, Perls probes Gloria and tags her of being 30-year-old girl who is afraid of him although it was pretty unclear about the fact why Perls sharps turned Gloria away from the topic of interest without letting her investigate further. It seemed on reflection to represent Glorias presence at that particular time being, with Perls. From the perspective of Perls evaluation, he referred to Glorias withdrawing by the imagination of hiding in the corner. It is relatively difficult to judge this fantastical aspect of gestalts demonstration and it was a clear indication that Gloria was being overly self-protective about herself. With this notion on personal basis, it can be said that no clear indication could be found regarding the fact that Gloria learnt anything new about herself but it was clear that Gloria understood about the negative reaction that Perls exhibited concerning her, being overly protective. While Perls had a intra psychic orientation about the occurrences in Glorias mind, although this was not clear initially but with re evaluation it could be justified about the tags that has been attached to these orientations. The aim for working with Glorias transference projections was for Gloria to understand and recognize her own reflected attributes onto Perls and for her to re ingest it again. In an instance, Perls tries to reassign an attribute with an related to respect. Following this Perls tags Gloria about demanding respect, after this while repeating the same. Gloria seems to rearrange it and put a conclusion to the Perls fact that she indeed demands respect. Conclusion With the help of this essay, it can be concluded that this video indeed reassures and teaches about newer contributing attitudes while dealing with the clients. As per the film, it can be said about the fact that the client is endeavoring through counseling through his or her beliefs and perception about the surrounding world. It was clear that the client was trying to build a reliable framework of understanding the concerns. It can also be concluded that throughout the film Gloria had perceived the fact that Perls was frequently ignoring her opinions, view and was being extremely cynical towards her. Perls responded harshly to her opinion about being sensitive about playing dumb and stupid. Perls responded to it saying that it was an interpersonal and strategy that Gloria would supposedly use against him. Adding further conclusion, it was clear about the understanding of the use of Gestalts therapy techniques that has been implied on Gloria. Techniques of using directed awareness, i ntentional use of manipulation and trying to suppress are the indirect ways of communication from Perls end. In this manner, Perls was trying to convey and communicate with Gloria about his ideology of value biasness like self-support. The video depicts Perls way of communication as well as his personal style of using domination over Gloria. This video also depicts the process in which Gloria identifies her awareness and speaks about them to Perls as well has her interview experience. Finally, it can be concluded that this film indeed contains huge possibilities or observation and conceptualizing the interview between a counselor and a client. References Ballesteros, S. (2014).Cognitive approaches to human perception. Psychology Press. Bond, T. (2015).Standards and ethics for counselling in action. Sage. Bond, T., Mitchels, B. (2014).Confidentiality Record Keeping in Counselling Psychotherapy. SAGE. Clarkson, P., Cavicchia, S. (2013).Gestalt counselling in action. Sage. Cuijpers, P., Driessen, E., Hollon, S. D., van Oppen, P., Barth, J., Andersson, G. (2012). The efficacy of non-directive supportive therapy for adult depression: a meta-analysis.Clinical psychology review,32(4), 280-291. Dryden, W., Mytton, J. (2016).Four approaches to counselling and psychotherapy. Routledge. Dryden, W., Palmer, S. (2014). Individual counselling.Handbook of Counselling, 39. Geldard, K., Geldard, D., Foo, R. Y. (2013).Counselling children: A practical introduction. Sage. Hanley, T., Humphrey, N., Lennie, C. (Eds.). (2012).Adolescent counselling psychology: Theory, research and practice. Routledge. Holm-Hadulla, R. M., Hofmann, F. (2012). Counselling, psychotherapy and creativity.Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy,3(2), 130-136. Izard, C. E. (2013).Human emotions. Springer Science Business Media. McLaughlin, C., Holliday, C. (2013).Therapy with children and young people: Integrative counselling in schools and other settings. Sage. McLeod, J. (2013).An introduction to counselling. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). McLeod, J. (2014).Doing research in counselling and psychotherapy. Sage. Mearns, D., Thorne, B., McLeod, J. (2013).Person-centred counselling in action. Sage. Proctor, R. W., Vu, K. P. L. (2012). Human information processing. InEncyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning(pp. 1458-1460). Springer US. Roddy, J. K. (2013). Client perspectives: The therapeutic challenge of domestic violence counsellinga pilot study.Counselling and Psychotherapy Research,13(1), 53-60. Rogers, C. (2012).Client Centred Therapy (New Ed). Hachette UK. Rosenbaum, D. A., Chapman, K. M., Weigelt, M., Weiss, D. J., van der Wel, R. (2012). Cognition, action, and object manipulation.Psychological bulletin,138(5), 924. Rowan, J. (2013).Subpersonalities: The people inside us. Routledge. Rowan, J. (2015).Ordinary ecstasy: The dialectics of humanistic psychology. Routledge. Van Deurzen, E. (2012).Existential counselling psychotherapy in practice. Sage. Wagemans, J., Elder, J. H., Kubovy, M., Palmer, S. E., Peterson, M. A., Singh, M., von der Heydt, R. (2012). A century of Gestalt psychology in visual perception: I. Perceptual grouping and figureground organization.Psychological bulletin,138(6), 1172. Wagemans, J., Feldman, J., Gepshtein, S., Kimchi, R., Pomerantz, J. R., van der Helm, P. A., van Leeuwen, C. (2012). A century of Gestalt psychology in visual perception: II. Conceptual and theoretical foundations.Psychological bulletin,138(6), 1218.

Blue

Blue-and-White Islamic Pottery on Chinese Themes Essay The great traditions ol Chinese porcelain have inspired over the centuries a wide variety of imitators. At times in the history of art an imitative tradition, beginning as a backward look toward past glories in faraway lands, takes its own (orm and shape, developing into a major creative force with new directions. Such is in part the case in the Ottoman Turkish tow n of Izmk, where the local potters began beiore the year 1500 to produce pottery wares inspired by Chinese blue-and-white porcelain, whir h also began to appear itself in the inventories of the palace of the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul around the same time. To imitate porcelain, let alone the great Chinese porcelain, has always been an arduous task. Some o( the basic materials can rarely be found outside China. The techniques necessary to fire these materials to a point where they fuse, giving the glasslike smoothness, the translucency, the pure white color, and the characteristic ring of true porcelain present a complex ch allenge today. Tor the Turkish potters of the sixteenth century the challenge was even greater. Their solution to the difficulty was to develop an off-white claylike mixture contain- ing a high percentage of silica, which they coated with a thin layer of pure white slip. They covered the slip and its painted decoration with a clear transparent glaze in order to provide a porcelainlike visual effect in their work. |ust as Chinese artisans in earlier times had imitated Islamic pottery and metalwork in the medium of blue-and-white porcclam. by the early sixteenth century, artisans in the Ottoman Empire were beginning to imitate Chinese porcelains in the medium of pottery.1 Perhaps the most interesting aspect of this phenomenon is the appearance of the mottvslkm to imitate Chinese porcelain in Ottoman Turkey. It now appears that this motivation is closely linked to the symbolic value of Chinese porcelain in the Islamic world, not the symbolism of its complex and vaned decorative forms but its symbol- ism as Chinese porcelain, highly prized in the Middle East because of its beauty, rarity, and cost. Further, by the time that the Ottoman Turkish sultans had begun to collect Chinese porcelain in the late fifteenth century, the tradition linking blue-and- white porcelain to Islamic royally was over a century old and was widely illustrated in Islamic miniature pointings. To examine both the blue-and-white pottery tradition and its relationships to Chinese porcelain, the collections ol the Boston Museum of Fine Arts provide an excellent vantage point. Not only arc the museums holdings in Chinese white quite good, but it possesses eight examples of Islamic blue- and-white pottery related to the Chinese traditions. Evidence for the examination of this problem falls into two basic categories. First arc the imitative works of art themselves, which occur in considerable numbers in the Turkish pottery tradition and in smaller numbers in the sixteenth century pottery of Persia. Second arc the documents; these include Chinese porcelains in the Turkish and Persian collections, inventories doc umenting the growth of these col lections, and the appearance of Chinese porcelains in Islamic miniature painting Together, this evidence presents Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã‚ » only a picture of the tremendous prestige that the Chinese porcelains en|oyed in the Islamic world but also a picture of how they were perceived and modified by Islamic artists and artisans who saw them. The appearance of blue-and-white porcelain in miniature paintings presents a large and diffuse mass of evidence.2 The earliest and one of the richest sources in this respect is a manuscript of the Divan (collection of narrative* poems » by Khwaiu Kirmam, a fourteenth century Persian poet, in the British Museum . The man uscript was completed in the late fourteenth century in Baghdad for a Persian ruler of the Jalayrid family and was illustrated with nine miniatures by a remarkable painter named lunayd. lunayd appears to have been extremely sensitive both to the romantic stories illustrated and to the contemporary appurtenances of courtly luxury that fill many of the illustrations. Consequently, together with the accurate depiction of rugs, costumes, and architectural decoration in the illustrations, Junayd shows nu merous examples of blue-and-white porcelain from China, which he probably en countered at the (alayrid court. The early date, corresponding to A.D. 13%. of the miniature s in the British Museum Divan is important in two ways. First, it indicates   thal despite the unstable state ol politics in Iran at the time, there was already a thriving import ol Chinese porcelains by Islamic courts before 1400. Second, the paintings of lunayd and his followers exerted an enormous influence on Persian painting of the following century, and the depiclion of Chinese porcelain in con nection with princely entertainments became an established tradition in Persian painting. By the first half of the sixteenth century, new dimensions were added in Persian miniature painting to the depiction of blue-and-white porcelains. Not only did Chinese porcelains continue to embellish scenes of courtly entertainments but they were sometimes seen in considerably less prestigious contexts. In a famous minia ture in the Fogg Museum, originally Intended as an illustration for a manuscript com missioned by the Safavid Shah Tahmasp around 1540, the painter Mir Sayyid ‘Ali shows a large blue-and-white Ming bowl being put to rather prosaic use, as a recep taclc for wrung-out laundry in a nomad encampment . Comparatively rare depiction o( the expensive Ming ware outside the context of a courtty feast suggests a s ort of visual joke. The sophisticated courtiers who saw the painting were no doubt amused by the depiction of the relative simplicity and naivete of their wealthy but uncultured nomadic cousins who would put such an expensive objeci to such a homely use. In the Ottoman court, examples of the use of porcelain in a courtly context were preserved in large albums of paintings from earlier times, which were used by the court artists as pattern books and sources of designs and inspiration. In these albums appear a number of paintings showing Chinese porcelains.1 They dearly document the importance of the Chinese porcelains in an Islamic context and were Intended for a limited group of upper-class viewers, for whom the objects depicted had an im mediate familiarity and significance. The inventory documents of the Ottoman Turkish archives tell another interesting story. An inventory of 1486 made for Sultan Bayezid II (1480-1504) mentions no Chi nese porcelain. But in 1495 the palace inventory in Istanbul lists five pieces of porc e lain. and by 1501 the collection had grown to include eleven pieces, including five bowls and two plates. By 1505, a year after the death of Bayezid. the collection In cluded twenty-one pieces, and In 1514 it was augmented by sixty-two pieces brought back by Selim I after his defeat of the Persian Shah Ismail at Chaldiran and the sack of the Persian capital at Tabriz.4 Under Suleyman I, Selim’s successor (1520-1566). the collection grew steadily. Documents attest to the Sultans growing collection of por celain and also record that near the end of his life a return to the stricter tenets of Islamic orthodoxy was accompanied by the melting down of his gold tableware and the exclusive use of ceramic wares. Today, two of the largest collections of Chinese porcelain in the world outside of China itself are that in the T opkapi Palace Museum in Istanbul and the collection formerly housed in the Safavid family shrine in Ardebil and now in Tehran. In both Turkey and Persia ruling sovereigns commissioned spe cial buildings to house their porcelain collections. In Istanbul achim khaneh (China house) was built in the mid-sixteenth century, while the great collection of the Ardebil shrine in Iran was dedicated in its special building by Shah ‘Abbas the Great in 1611.1 This evidence alone attests to the prestige and populanty of Chinese ceramics among Islamic sovereigns in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Under such cir cumstances, it was perhaps inevitable that the costly and prized Chinese ceramics should have a great impact on indigenous Islamic pottery traditions. In the case of the famous Ottoman Turkish ceramics, now generally recognized as having been made tor the most part by the many individualized and specialized ateliers of the town of Iznik, the Chinese impact ranges all the way from outright copies of Chinese prototypes to Turkish stylizations of Chinese designs in which the origins are only dimly apparent through examination of progressive stages in the transmutation of the original. Contemporary central mexican ceramics : A view from the past EssayIn a Turkish lamp dating from the fifteen eighties m the Walters Art Gallery in Baltimore, the flower and the cloud band seen on the Boston plate have been transformed through the artists imagina tion into a tiny garlanded lions head, with the tongue becoming the snout of the lion and two large round eyes added for good measure. The Boston plate shown in even further removed Irom any resemblance to Chinese porcelain, shows   a tour-lobed central field decorated by four small cartouches each containing three tiny flowers. The backgrounds of the cartouches and the spandrels forming the (our lobes are filled with perfunctory curls doubtless deriving from the wave-and-foam border in its Ottoman incarnation. The abbreviated rim design of curling leaves on a scroll vine is on the other hand an almost direct quotation from early fifteenth cen tury Chinese porcelain. In each of these cases, the blue-and-white Ottoman potte ry plate Is now far removed from its Chinese inspiration and has taken on a character of its own. The first plate   with its great attention to texture in the flowers, probably dares from the middle of Ihe sixteenth century, while the second , exhibiting far (ess relationship to Chinese porcelain, probably dates from around the year 1600. A final example of blue-and-white Ottoman pottery reflecting inspiration of Chinese porcelain   differs from the six Boston examples seen to this point in that it incorporates a black line in the design in addition to the use of blue pigments. The fourfold design uses a variant of the tongued flower already encountered, this time in very pale blue outlined with a crisp greenish black line, and embraced by its own stem and by a spiky leaf. The greenish tinge in the black line, the great brilliance of the transparent overglaze, and the similarity in drawing to two famous mosque lamps in British collections datable to around 1550 help to place this remote Turkish relative of Chinese porcelain close to the middle of the sixteenth century * The last part of the sixth decade of the sixteenth century saw in Turkey the intro duction of a new color, a bright red. into the repertoire ot the Iznik ceramic-makers. The new polychrome palette, later enhanced by a brilliant green, was influential in moving Turkish potters away from a reliance on the inspiration of Chinese porcelain into a new stylistic vocabulary of brightly colored tulips, carnations, hyacinths, roses, and experimental forms derived from textiles and manuscript illumination A brilliant example of the new style in the Museum of Fine Arts shows a decoration of sprays of the stylized flowers dominated by a large blue decorated tulip. But a vestige of homage to Chinese porcelain remains in the cusped edge of the plate, a testimony to the persistence of old influences in the face of new styles and a change in taste. In the seventeenth century, the Iznik ateliers underwent a marked decline, caused in part by the deterioration of quality resulting (rom mass production and in part by royal decrees requiring them to sell ceramic tiles at low prices despite a dramatic inflation in the cost of production. A late example from the middle of the seventeenth century in the Museum of Fine Arts still shows the remarkable persistence of the inspiration of Chinese porcelain in the iznik workshops. The plate is deco rated almost entirely with a black line, with only tiny accents of green, turquoise, and a now muddy red. It it dominated by what appears to be a large stylized leaf and some smaller leaves and tendrils, shown on a background of black spirals and contained within a corrupted version ot the wave-and-foam border. In fact, this otherwise undistinguished object is an extremely stylized paraphrase of an early fifteenth century Ming porcelain design, in which a dragon is portrayed in reserve while against a stormy sea. The dragon has disappeared from the Boston plate, his craggy outlines metamorphosed into leaves and tendrils, but some sense  of the fury and energy of the Chinese design remains in the late Turkish product with its compass-drawn lines, poor colors, and flawed glaze. One last example of Islamic pottery under the influence of Chinese porcelain brings us back full circle to direct imitation of a Chinese design. The Museum of Fine Arts recently acquired a large blue-and-white pottery dish   that at first glance would appear to belong with the very first Turkish plate cxamind. The decoration consists of three large underglaze-painted peony blossoms in cobalt blue, executed again with very soft brush strokes and with skillful attention to the effect of thinning of the blue pigments to translucency over the white slip. These large blossoms are accompanied by smaller blossoms and spiky leaves. Beyond the cavetto of the dish with its frieze of tiny leaves and flowers is a border that, despite the absence of whorls, or perhaps because of it, immediately declares itself as the familiar border of waves and foam. In common with the blue-and-white pottery ex amined thus far, blue underglaze painting is employed on a white slip, on a body of off-white silicaceous material. Unlike the Turkish examples already seen, however, the glaze is relatively dull and is marked in many places by an irregular craquclurc; the interior of the foot-ring is unglazed Stylistically, the softness of the forms and the relatively light outlining of the leaves and petals show a different kind of adaptation of Ihe Chinese design from that of Iznik, and the bottom of the cavetto is decorated with a carelessly executed frieze of hooked forms not found on Turkish examples. This last example is in fact not of Turkish production but comes from northern Persia. The porcelain prototypes for this type of design have been dated to the early fifteenth century, and it appears that the Boston plate may be dated to around the year 1500. forming part of an extremely rare group of Persian wares probably pro duced in the neighborhood of Tabnz about this time. » It is rather surprising, given the fondness for porcelain evidenced in Persian miniature painting, that more wares of this type have not been found. Perhaps the technical means present in the Otto man Empire that enabled the Turkish potters to create very close reproductions of Chinese porcelain by the second quarter of the sixteenth century were lacking, and the imitations were not deemed of sufficient likeness to the original to be worth the effort. The same tradition did reproduce some attractive blue-and-white pottery in Persia, most notably a large dish in a private collection with a design of birds and cloud bands within a stylized wave-and-foam border, but the patronage necessary for a continued and expanded production was lacking, possibly due to the greater availability in Ð  Ã µÃ ³Ã' Ã ° in the early sixteenth century of the blue-and-white porcelain Itself. The eight examples of blue-and-white ware examined here illustrate only part of one chapter in the continuing imp act of Chinese artistic traditions on Islamic pottery making over many centuries, beginning with the import of Tang ceramics into the lands of the ‘Abbasid caliphate in the ninth century A.D. and persisting into the first decades of our own century in the ceramic manufactories of Istanbul and Tehran. Rather than terming these Islamic works cither copies or derivatives of Chinese originals, perhaps we might best regard them as compliments paid by Near Eastern artisans and patrons to a sister culture to the east.