Introduction To Counseling for Human Traits - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction To Counseling for Human Traits. Answer: Introduction The diverse perception in the mindset of the people and the influence of the changes in the outer world extensively affects the human brain and the functioning (Ballesteros, 2014). With definition to psychology, every human mind or individual has two sides of the personality. One side is conscious that directly deals with the outer world and one side is kept hidden that lies below the conscious mind and is completely locked under the awareness (Rosenbaum et al., 2012). Under circumstances of stress or external stimuli the human traits starts to exhibit symptoms of anxiety and trauma (Izard, 2013). Sometimes these cases are too delicate for any individual to discuss it freely with anyone and everyone because of which the anxiety or stress turns to take the form of apathy or depression (Proctor Vu, 2012). In this essay, the human aspects have been discussed as well as the remedies to rectify and lighten the after effect. On further detailing of this essay, the background of psychotherapy or counseling has been explained along with the classification and the types of counseling. The types of issues that are encountered using psychotherapy and counseling, have been discussed as well as the kinds of clients, depending upon whom the counseling has been diversified. To help in better understanding of the psychotherapeutic counseling process of Gestalt Theory as founded by Fritz Perls, a video has been used as reference. The therapy has been used on a client namely Gloria and represented in form of a film, that has been critically analyzed in this essay. The purpose of this essay is understand and analyze the importance of psychotherapeutic counseling as well as the classification and diversification of different process that is followed by the counselor. This essay also helps in the better understanding of the Gestalts theory and practice that has been used on a client during the process of psychoanalysis and counseling. About counseling Counseling is defined as the rational process of helping or assisting a client achieve a better state of mind that is done by the demonstration of a behavior that motivates the client towards problem solving (McLeod, 2013). Counseling has a broad spectrum that deals with behavioral science, procedures of problem solving, making crucial decisions related to career, personal growth and prospects, marriage, familial issues and other interpersonal concerns (McLeod, 2014). Counseling is usually professional interaction between a trained personnel and a client, which is usually one on one kind of interaction. In few instances, the interaction might involve multiple persons to help in better understanding and expression about their personal views and concerns in their lives (Van Deurzen, 2012). Group counseling has been designed to help the clients achieve a better learning about their personal choice that targets through a significant and enlightening choice after successfully counteracting with the emotional and interpersonal problems (Rowan, 2013). Evolution of Counseling Counseling had its first period of evolution from the year of 1850 till the year of 1900 that started with the psychoanalysis movement and the setting up of the first psychological laboratory. The second period of emergence of counseling took place from the year of 1900 till 1930. The fascinating breakthrough in the process of psychotherapeutic counseling began from the year of 1930 till the year of 1940, with the beginning of the psychometric movement, that involves the utilization of various psychometric tests to analyze and study the mental attributions and the abilities of individuals. The fourth and the final stage of counseling took place from the emergence of the Second World War and the year after. With the gradual progress in time, the trends in counseling have changed and modified it. The process conceptualizes the self to include various interpersonal, organized and socio-cultural forces. The relationship with counselor being collaborative in nature along with most of the parameters is related to the qualitative research and the evaluation of the derived data. The psychological problems have been perceived from a speculative and phenomenological perspective. The process elaborates and emphasize on the content of the concern. The counseling process is initiated from the clients end with the concern being intensely explored that finally ends with the goal setting and the intervention. Apart from face to face counseling, interaction with a counselor can be initiated through emails and other internet facilities like chat rooms, video calling and websites. Elements of counseling Counseling has certain features and elements that defines and classifies the process. These elements can also be determined as the features of counseling that are discussed. Counseling is an empathetic relationship between the counselor and the client where the counselor and the client can relate between themselves with a well-established rapport. The counselor focuses and sticks to the issues and concerns of the client and tries to understand and analyze it accordingly. Since the discussion is free and open, the client is provided with the liberty to express anything and everything for the better understanding. An environment of mutual trust and confidence needs to be established to help in better interaction without any gap holes in the communication. In order to achieve a better communication establishment of the rapport is essential. Sometimes the client might be in the state of incongruence, anxiousness and vulnerability. The counselor needs to be unconditional concerning the cl ients condition to help in better understanding and creation of a comfort zone. Counseling can be divided and classified into certain types that have been cited. Individual counseling, Group Therapy, Online and Telephonic Counseling and Self- help Group Therapy. Reason that demands counseling Counseling is a therapeutic process that is essential for certain reasons. Individual going through stressful stimuli or individuals looks for moral and emotional comfort retort to counseling for better awareness and realization (Roddy, 2013). Individuals facing issues related to family and interpersonal relationships, parenting and step parenting concerns, crucial and major life changes and decisions (Dryden Palmer, 2014). Stress from separation and new bonds, concerns related to domestic violence and abuse, suffering from depression and anxiety are also the causes to seek counseling help. Individuals undergoing concerns due to stress, bad temperament, gambling and financial difficulties as well as childhood trauma ask for help to overcome the painful overloading (Hanley, Humphrey Lennie, 2012). Traditional style of counseling The most common style of counseling is usually traditional in nature. They include individual therapy, couple therapy, family therapy and group counseling. Individual therapy is the foremost and primary style of counseling that is taken place where the counselor is functional to understand and empathize on the clients concern (Mearns, Thorne McLeod, 2013). As the name suggests, this is usually a one on one kind of interaction. Creation of bond and rapport is necessary to conduct such counseling process. Intimate issues related to family, relationships, career, life situations and abuse are mostly discussed in this kind of therapy. Couple therapy as the name suggests are most done between couples and the counselor. Concerns related to marital affairs, mid life crisis, lack of communication, anger and depression issues, issue due to past relationships, trust issues between partners and sexual concerns are the most discussed topics in this type of counseling. Family therapy are the process of therapeutic counseling that is mostly concerned with the familial issues such as grief due to loss or separation, child aggression and ill habits, disciplinary differences, difficulty with peers, interrupted cognitive development, teenage concerns, drugs and alcohol abuse (McLaughlin Holliday, 2013). Group therapy is usually concerned with psycho educational groups and is mostly the helping procedure that takes place in groups. Execution of skills training such as anger management, mindfulness, relaxation training and social training skills are achieved through this kind of counseling process. Group counseling is beneficial in its own terms since it facilitates interpersonal learning and self-awareness. Approaches of counseling Counseling has certain approaches that are taken into consideration while adopting the process of counseling clients (Dryden Mytton, 2016). These approaches are specifically adopted depending upon the nature and type of assessment or objectives that are to be attained by the analysis (Holm-Hadulla Hofmann, 2012). The first approach is behavior eccentric approach. As the name suggests the main purpose of this kind of approach is to change and manipulate the behavior of the clients. The irrational, ineffective and self-critic behavior is changed and mould into an effective and endearing one, concerning the testimony of a successful counseling. Usually the behavior counselors do not consider or validate hypothetical concepts and theories of mental functioning like unconsciousness as an important fundamental of psychotherapeutic counseling. From the behavioral perspective, all the behavior adjustments and the concerns are learnt through the same methodology. As a result, it can be modified by cultivating suitable learning principles. This kind of approach usually drives under four learning principles namely drive, cue, response and reinforcement. As such, it is believed that every behavior is subjected to change and modulation with administration of appropriate reinforcements The second approach is the humanistic approach or person centered counseling. Carl Rogers was the known founder of this kind of approach (Rogers, 2012). In other words, this kind approach is also known as the indirect approach or client centered approach (Geldard, Geldard Foo, 2013). The change to a client centered approach reflects Rogers later on recognized that this kind of systematic approach worked in any kind of setting where the helper reaches out to promote the psychological growth and many of the others who are helped (Rowan, 2015). Stages of counseling The process of counseling involves several stages that are incorporated to achieve better results. This stage involves the development of relationship. In this stage the counselor tries to establish a better rapport and relationship with the client to help in creating a comfortable environment in order to ease the client (Cuijpers et al., 2012). The second stage involves the defining of the problem. This stage involves the enclosure or the revelation of the primary concern or the motive of the counseling session. After a rapport has been set and the client feels comfortable with the counselor, the client decides to escalate the motive to the session towards the primary objective. The third stage is about the determination of the goals. In this stage, the counselor chooses and decides the primary objective that needs to be attained through the counseling session. The counselor usually considers the prioritizing of the goal along with the making of a commitment and the decision of taking a specific action in order to achieve the objective. The fourth step involves around the decision of planning the action that needs to be done. In order to achieve this the counselor adopts the method of assessment interview that involves the testing, assessment and the diagnosis of the crisis. The problem is examined and the relevant issues are prioritized. Special focus is imparted on the perspective as well as the acceptance of the problem. Emphasis is given on the self-responsibility as well as the analyzing and the solution of the problem. The fifth and the final step of a counseling session completes with the follow up process. This is the process that involves the imparting of instructions to the clients in order to keep a check and monitor the progress on the indications of the problems as well as imparting supportive provisions for themselves as well. Usually the counselor keeps a record of the clients at regular intervals or the assistant can keep a check on the progress of the clients and impart any back up support if necessary. Fundamental qualities needed for counseling Even though counseling has its different stages of execution, counseling requires one of the positive and strong senses to help understand and analyze the issues. The counselor should fully use the power of listening. The listening skill is one of the primary and crucial skill that is fundamental in the counseling process. Listening includes four kinds of listening such as discriminative listening, Comprehensive listening, critical listening and active listening. In order to help counsel better it is necessary to be a motivated listener, be objective and alert to all cues as well as the use of thinking and speaking time difference. Challenges of counseling Counseling has several benefits in its own terms but along wise counseling also has its own drawbacks and pit falls. In other word, counseling also has its own limitations. The most crucial miscommunication that can rise is due to lack of effective hearing, personal problems, cultural differences, prejudices and connotative meaning. These limitations are the primary barriers to an effective counseling that should be mitigated in order to achieve a better efficiency of the session. Ethics in counseling Certain code of ethics needs to be followed in terms or counseling sessions. These are important since these facilitates a safe, non judgmental space for better reflection and the exploration of the problems and the challenges faced by the client (Bond, 2015). Certain ethics such as conscious about racial and cultural biasness, confidentiality, proper termination, fair judgment regarding rights and dignity should be maintained (Bond Mitchels, 2014). These ethics are imperative to in the development of a culturally safe and suitable counseling environment. Critical analysis of the counseling session of Fritz Perls and Gloria With reference to the counseling session of Fritz Perls and Gloria as well as the Gestalt theory some of the techniques has been demonstrated in the film have been identified (Wagemans et al., 2012). As well as there are notable incongruity between Perls description of Gestalt therapeutic process and the interview process. The similarities have been positioned out in the Perls interview. At the beginning of the video before Perls speaks to Gloria, he speaks about the contrast of the theories of Sigmund Freuds depth psychology and with its help the depth about the situation has been contrasted and the Gestalts theory has been developed (Wagemans et al., 2012). Several aspects of Gestalts theory has been used to bring out the predictable aspects of the clients persona while undeviating the awareness towards the non verbal behavior of the client such as directing towards the development of the clients fantasy while exploring the transmission (Clarkson Cavicchia, 2013). Throughout the film, Perls have been directing Glorias consciousness and her attention towards her non-vocal behavior such as fidgeting with her feet, awareness about the smile, eyes and the facial expression. At one point of time, Perls draws out a consolidated meaning out of one of the gestures drawn by Gloria. Many a times several comments have been made randomly to abruptly break the flow of the communication however as concluded it has been done purposely to serve the concern of meeting the effort to develop the emerging gestalt theory. However, on the notion of Glorias actions it has been observed that several times she has been placed on the defensive and the confused end with the thought that Perls did not acknowledge her by being cynical towards her. It can be observed that Gloria gradually shifted her consciousness towards her non-verbal behavior to enlighten the understanding about the facts she wishes to express, although Perls more than what Gloria observed of Perls took this situation into an advantage. However, on a personal notion the benefits of the Gestalts therapy could not be administered properly since Gloria did not seem to have developed any new understanding about herself with regards to the emerging Gestalts that rose from her non verbal behavior. In the video the gestalt makes proper use of the fantasy on Gloria with several question arise that encourages Gloria to elaborate about her wishes and fantasies. One the contrary, in one instance Perls discourages Gloria from probing further into her fantasies about as a child. Furthermore, Perls probes Gloria and tags her of being 30-year-old girl who is afraid of him although it was pretty unclear about the fact why Perls sharps turned Gloria away from the topic of interest without letting her investigate further. It seemed on reflection to represent Glorias presence at that particular time being, with Perls. From the perspective of Perls evaluation, he referred to Glorias withdrawing by the imagination of hiding in the corner. It is relatively difficult to judge this fantastical aspect of gestalts demonstration and it was a clear indication that Gloria was being overly self-protective about herself. With this notion on personal basis, it can be said that no clear indication could be found regarding the fact that Gloria learnt anything new about herself but it was clear that Gloria understood about the negative reaction that Perls exhibited concerning her, being overly protective. While Perls had a intra psychic orientation about the occurrences in Glorias mind, although this was not clear initially but with re evaluation it could be justified about the tags that has been attached to these orientations. The aim for working with Glorias transference projections was for Gloria to understand and recognize her own reflected attributes onto Perls and for her to re ingest it again. In an instance, Perls tries to reassign an attribute with an related to respect. Following this Perls tags Gloria about demanding respect, after this while repeating the same. Gloria seems to rearrange it and put a conclusion to the Perls fact that she indeed demands respect. Conclusion With the help of this essay, it can be concluded that this video indeed reassures and teaches about newer contributing attitudes while dealing with the clients. As per the film, it can be said about the fact that the client is endeavoring through counseling through his or her beliefs and perception about the surrounding world. It was clear that the client was trying to build a reliable framework of understanding the concerns. It can also be concluded that throughout the film Gloria had perceived the fact that Perls was frequently ignoring her opinions, view and was being extremely cynical towards her. Perls responded harshly to her opinion about being sensitive about playing dumb and stupid. Perls responded to it saying that it was an interpersonal and strategy that Gloria would supposedly use against him. Adding further conclusion, it was clear about the understanding of the use of Gestalts therapy techniques that has been implied on Gloria. Techniques of using directed awareness, i ntentional use of manipulation and trying to suppress are the indirect ways of communication from Perls end. In this manner, Perls was trying to convey and communicate with Gloria about his ideology of value biasness like self-support. The video depicts Perls way of communication as well as his personal style of using domination over Gloria. This video also depicts the process in which Gloria identifies her awareness and speaks about them to Perls as well has her interview experience. Finally, it can be concluded that this film indeed contains huge possibilities or observation and conceptualizing the interview between a counselor and a client. References Ballesteros, S. (2014).Cognitive approaches to human perception. Psychology Press. Bond, T. (2015).Standards and ethics for counselling in action. Sage. Bond, T., Mitchels, B. (2014).Confidentiality Record Keeping in Counselling Psychotherapy. SAGE. Clarkson, P., Cavicchia, S. (2013).Gestalt counselling in action. Sage. Cuijpers, P., Driessen, E., Hollon, S. D., van Oppen, P., Barth, J., Andersson, G. (2012). The efficacy of non-directive supportive therapy for adult depression: a meta-analysis.Clinical psychology review,32(4), 280-291. Dryden, W., Mytton, J. (2016).Four approaches to counselling and psychotherapy. Routledge. Dryden, W., Palmer, S. (2014). Individual counselling.Handbook of Counselling, 39. Geldard, K., Geldard, D., Foo, R. Y. (2013).Counselling children: A practical introduction. Sage. Hanley, T., Humphrey, N., Lennie, C. (Eds.). (2012).Adolescent counselling psychology: Theory, research and practice. Routledge. Holm-Hadulla, R. M., Hofmann, F. (2012). Counselling, psychotherapy and creativity.Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy,3(2), 130-136. Izard, C. E. (2013).Human emotions. Springer Science Business Media. McLaughlin, C., Holliday, C. (2013).Therapy with children and young people: Integrative counselling in schools and other settings. Sage. McLeod, J. (2013).An introduction to counselling. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). McLeod, J. (2014).Doing research in counselling and psychotherapy. Sage. Mearns, D., Thorne, B., McLeod, J. (2013).Person-centred counselling in action. Sage. Proctor, R. W., Vu, K. P. L. (2012). Human information processing. InEncyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning(pp. 1458-1460). Springer US. Roddy, J. K. (2013). Client perspectives: The therapeutic challenge of domestic violence counsellinga pilot study.Counselling and Psychotherapy Research,13(1), 53-60. Rogers, C. (2012).Client Centred Therapy (New Ed). Hachette UK. Rosenbaum, D. A., Chapman, K. M., Weigelt, M., Weiss, D. J., van der Wel, R. (2012). Cognition, action, and object manipulation.Psychological bulletin,138(5), 924. Rowan, J. (2013).Subpersonalities: The people inside us. Routledge. Rowan, J. (2015).Ordinary ecstasy: The dialectics of humanistic psychology. Routledge. Van Deurzen, E. (2012).Existential counselling psychotherapy in practice. Sage. Wagemans, J., Elder, J. H., Kubovy, M., Palmer, S. E., Peterson, M. A., Singh, M., von der Heydt, R. (2012). A century of Gestalt psychology in visual perception: I. Perceptual grouping and figureground organization.Psychological bulletin,138(6), 1172. Wagemans, J., Feldman, J., Gepshtein, S., Kimchi, R., Pomerantz, J. R., van der Helm, P. A., van Leeuwen, C. (2012). A century of Gestalt psychology in visual perception: II. Conceptual and theoretical foundations.Psychological bulletin,138(6), 1218.

Blue

Blue-and-White Islamic Pottery on Chinese Themes Essay The great traditions ol Chinese porcelain have inspired over the centuries a wide variety of imitators. At times in the history of art an imitative tradition, beginning as a backward look toward past glories in faraway lands, takes its own (orm and shape, developing into a major creative force with new directions. Such is in part the case in the Ottoman Turkish tow n of Izmk, where the local potters began beiore the year 1500 to produce pottery wares inspired by Chinese blue-and-white porcelain, whir h also began to appear itself in the inventories of the palace of the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul around the same time. To imitate porcelain, let alone the great Chinese porcelain, has always been an arduous task. Some o( the basic materials can rarely be found outside China. The techniques necessary to fire these materials to a point where they fuse, giving the glasslike smoothness, the translucency, the pure white color, and the characteristic ring of true porcelain present a complex ch allenge today. Tor the Turkish potters of the sixteenth century the challenge was even greater. Their solution to the difficulty was to develop an off-white claylike mixture contain- ing a high percentage of silica, which they coated with a thin layer of pure white slip. They covered the slip and its painted decoration with a clear transparent glaze in order to provide a porcelainlike visual effect in their work. |ust as Chinese artisans in earlier times had imitated Islamic pottery and metalwork in the medium of blue-and-white porcclam. by the early sixteenth century, artisans in the Ottoman Empire were beginning to imitate Chinese porcelains in the medium of pottery.1 Perhaps the most interesting aspect of this phenomenon is the appearance of the mottvslkm to imitate Chinese porcelain in Ottoman Turkey. It now appears that this motivation is closely linked to the symbolic value of Chinese porcelain in the Islamic world, not the symbolism of its complex and vaned decorative forms but its symbol- ism as Chinese porcelain, highly prized in the Middle East because of its beauty, rarity, and cost. Further, by the time that the Ottoman Turkish sultans had begun to collect Chinese porcelain in the late fifteenth century, the tradition linking blue-and- white porcelain to Islamic royally was over a century old and was widely illustrated in Islamic miniature pointings. To examine both the blue-and-white pottery tradition and its relationships to Chinese porcelain, the collections ol the Boston Museum of Fine Arts provide an excellent vantage point. Not only arc the museums holdings in Chinese white quite good, but it possesses eight examples of Islamic blue- and-white pottery related to the Chinese traditions. Evidence for the examination of this problem falls into two basic categories. First arc the imitative works of art themselves, which occur in considerable numbers in the Turkish pottery tradition and in smaller numbers in the sixteenth century pottery of Persia. Second arc the documents; these include Chinese porcelains in the Turkish and Persian collections, inventories doc umenting the growth of these col lections, and the appearance of Chinese porcelains in Islamic miniature painting Together, this evidence presents Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã‚ » only a picture of the tremendous prestige that the Chinese porcelains en|oyed in the Islamic world but also a picture of how they were perceived and modified by Islamic artists and artisans who saw them. The appearance of blue-and-white porcelain in miniature paintings presents a large and diffuse mass of evidence.2 The earliest and one of the richest sources in this respect is a manuscript of the Divan (collection of narrative* poems » by Khwaiu Kirmam, a fourteenth century Persian poet, in the British Museum . The man uscript was completed in the late fourteenth century in Baghdad for a Persian ruler of the Jalayrid family and was illustrated with nine miniatures by a remarkable painter named lunayd. lunayd appears to have been extremely sensitive both to the romantic stories illustrated and to the contemporary appurtenances of courtly luxury that fill many of the illustrations. Consequently, together with the accurate depiction of rugs, costumes, and architectural decoration in the illustrations, Junayd shows nu merous examples of blue-and-white porcelain from China, which he probably en countered at the (alayrid court. The early date, corresponding to A.D. 13%. of the miniature s in the British Museum Divan is important in two ways. First, it indicates   thal despite the unstable state ol politics in Iran at the time, there was already a thriving import ol Chinese porcelains by Islamic courts before 1400. Second, the paintings of lunayd and his followers exerted an enormous influence on Persian painting of the following century, and the depiclion of Chinese porcelain in con nection with princely entertainments became an established tradition in Persian painting. By the first half of the sixteenth century, new dimensions were added in Persian miniature painting to the depiction of blue-and-white porcelains. Not only did Chinese porcelains continue to embellish scenes of courtly entertainments but they were sometimes seen in considerably less prestigious contexts. In a famous minia ture in the Fogg Museum, originally Intended as an illustration for a manuscript com missioned by the Safavid Shah Tahmasp around 1540, the painter Mir Sayyid ‘Ali shows a large blue-and-white Ming bowl being put to rather prosaic use, as a recep taclc for wrung-out laundry in a nomad encampment . Comparatively rare depiction o( the expensive Ming ware outside the context of a courtty feast suggests a s ort of visual joke. The sophisticated courtiers who saw the painting were no doubt amused by the depiction of the relative simplicity and naivete of their wealthy but uncultured nomadic cousins who would put such an expensive objeci to such a homely use. In the Ottoman court, examples of the use of porcelain in a courtly context were preserved in large albums of paintings from earlier times, which were used by the court artists as pattern books and sources of designs and inspiration. In these albums appear a number of paintings showing Chinese porcelains.1 They dearly document the importance of the Chinese porcelains in an Islamic context and were Intended for a limited group of upper-class viewers, for whom the objects depicted had an im mediate familiarity and significance. The inventory documents of the Ottoman Turkish archives tell another interesting story. An inventory of 1486 made for Sultan Bayezid II (1480-1504) mentions no Chi nese porcelain. But in 1495 the palace inventory in Istanbul lists five pieces of porc e lain. and by 1501 the collection had grown to include eleven pieces, including five bowls and two plates. By 1505, a year after the death of Bayezid. the collection In cluded twenty-one pieces, and In 1514 it was augmented by sixty-two pieces brought back by Selim I after his defeat of the Persian Shah Ismail at Chaldiran and the sack of the Persian capital at Tabriz.4 Under Suleyman I, Selim’s successor (1520-1566). the collection grew steadily. Documents attest to the Sultans growing collection of por celain and also record that near the end of his life a return to the stricter tenets of Islamic orthodoxy was accompanied by the melting down of his gold tableware and the exclusive use of ceramic wares. Today, two of the largest collections of Chinese porcelain in the world outside of China itself are that in the T opkapi Palace Museum in Istanbul and the collection formerly housed in the Safavid family shrine in Ardebil and now in Tehran. In both Turkey and Persia ruling sovereigns commissioned spe cial buildings to house their porcelain collections. In Istanbul achim khaneh (China house) was built in the mid-sixteenth century, while the great collection of the Ardebil shrine in Iran was dedicated in its special building by Shah ‘Abbas the Great in 1611.1 This evidence alone attests to the prestige and populanty of Chinese ceramics among Islamic sovereigns in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Under such cir cumstances, it was perhaps inevitable that the costly and prized Chinese ceramics should have a great impact on indigenous Islamic pottery traditions. In the case of the famous Ottoman Turkish ceramics, now generally recognized as having been made tor the most part by the many individualized and specialized ateliers of the town of Iznik, the Chinese impact ranges all the way from outright copies of Chinese prototypes to Turkish stylizations of Chinese designs in which the origins are only dimly apparent through examination of progressive stages in the transmutation of the original. Contemporary central mexican ceramics : A view from the past EssayIn a Turkish lamp dating from the fifteen eighties m the Walters Art Gallery in Baltimore, the flower and the cloud band seen on the Boston plate have been transformed through the artists imagina tion into a tiny garlanded lions head, with the tongue becoming the snout of the lion and two large round eyes added for good measure. The Boston plate shown in even further removed Irom any resemblance to Chinese porcelain, shows   a tour-lobed central field decorated by four small cartouches each containing three tiny flowers. The backgrounds of the cartouches and the spandrels forming the (our lobes are filled with perfunctory curls doubtless deriving from the wave-and-foam border in its Ottoman incarnation. The abbreviated rim design of curling leaves on a scroll vine is on the other hand an almost direct quotation from early fifteenth cen tury Chinese porcelain. In each of these cases, the blue-and-white Ottoman potte ry plate Is now far removed from its Chinese inspiration and has taken on a character of its own. The first plate   with its great attention to texture in the flowers, probably dares from the middle of Ihe sixteenth century, while the second , exhibiting far (ess relationship to Chinese porcelain, probably dates from around the year 1600. A final example of blue-and-white Ottoman pottery reflecting inspiration of Chinese porcelain   differs from the six Boston examples seen to this point in that it incorporates a black line in the design in addition to the use of blue pigments. The fourfold design uses a variant of the tongued flower already encountered, this time in very pale blue outlined with a crisp greenish black line, and embraced by its own stem and by a spiky leaf. The greenish tinge in the black line, the great brilliance of the transparent overglaze, and the similarity in drawing to two famous mosque lamps in British collections datable to around 1550 help to place this remote Turkish relative of Chinese porcelain close to the middle of the sixteenth century * The last part of the sixth decade of the sixteenth century saw in Turkey the intro duction of a new color, a bright red. into the repertoire ot the Iznik ceramic-makers. The new polychrome palette, later enhanced by a brilliant green, was influential in moving Turkish potters away from a reliance on the inspiration of Chinese porcelain into a new stylistic vocabulary of brightly colored tulips, carnations, hyacinths, roses, and experimental forms derived from textiles and manuscript illumination A brilliant example of the new style in the Museum of Fine Arts shows a decoration of sprays of the stylized flowers dominated by a large blue decorated tulip. But a vestige of homage to Chinese porcelain remains in the cusped edge of the plate, a testimony to the persistence of old influences in the face of new styles and a change in taste. In the seventeenth century, the Iznik ateliers underwent a marked decline, caused in part by the deterioration of quality resulting (rom mass production and in part by royal decrees requiring them to sell ceramic tiles at low prices despite a dramatic inflation in the cost of production. A late example from the middle of the seventeenth century in the Museum of Fine Arts still shows the remarkable persistence of the inspiration of Chinese porcelain in the iznik workshops. The plate is deco rated almost entirely with a black line, with only tiny accents of green, turquoise, and a now muddy red. It it dominated by what appears to be a large stylized leaf and some smaller leaves and tendrils, shown on a background of black spirals and contained within a corrupted version ot the wave-and-foam border. In fact, this otherwise undistinguished object is an extremely stylized paraphrase of an early fifteenth century Ming porcelain design, in which a dragon is portrayed in reserve while against a stormy sea. The dragon has disappeared from the Boston plate, his craggy outlines metamorphosed into leaves and tendrils, but some sense  of the fury and energy of the Chinese design remains in the late Turkish product with its compass-drawn lines, poor colors, and flawed glaze. One last example of Islamic pottery under the influence of Chinese porcelain brings us back full circle to direct imitation of a Chinese design. The Museum of Fine Arts recently acquired a large blue-and-white pottery dish   that at first glance would appear to belong with the very first Turkish plate cxamind. The decoration consists of three large underglaze-painted peony blossoms in cobalt blue, executed again with very soft brush strokes and with skillful attention to the effect of thinning of the blue pigments to translucency over the white slip. These large blossoms are accompanied by smaller blossoms and spiky leaves. Beyond the cavetto of the dish with its frieze of tiny leaves and flowers is a border that, despite the absence of whorls, or perhaps because of it, immediately declares itself as the familiar border of waves and foam. In common with the blue-and-white pottery ex amined thus far, blue underglaze painting is employed on a white slip, on a body of off-white silicaceous material. Unlike the Turkish examples already seen, however, the glaze is relatively dull and is marked in many places by an irregular craquclurc; the interior of the foot-ring is unglazed Stylistically, the softness of the forms and the relatively light outlining of the leaves and petals show a different kind of adaptation of Ihe Chinese design from that of Iznik, and the bottom of the cavetto is decorated with a carelessly executed frieze of hooked forms not found on Turkish examples. This last example is in fact not of Turkish production but comes from northern Persia. The porcelain prototypes for this type of design have been dated to the early fifteenth century, and it appears that the Boston plate may be dated to around the year 1500. forming part of an extremely rare group of Persian wares probably pro duced in the neighborhood of Tabnz about this time. » It is rather surprising, given the fondness for porcelain evidenced in Persian miniature painting, that more wares of this type have not been found. Perhaps the technical means present in the Otto man Empire that enabled the Turkish potters to create very close reproductions of Chinese porcelain by the second quarter of the sixteenth century were lacking, and the imitations were not deemed of sufficient likeness to the original to be worth the effort. The same tradition did reproduce some attractive blue-and-white pottery in Persia, most notably a large dish in a private collection with a design of birds and cloud bands within a stylized wave-and-foam border, but the patronage necessary for a continued and expanded production was lacking, possibly due to the greater availability in Ð  Ã µÃ ³Ã' Ã ° in the early sixteenth century of the blue-and-white porcelain Itself. The eight examples of blue-and-white ware examined here illustrate only part of one chapter in the continuing imp act of Chinese artistic traditions on Islamic pottery making over many centuries, beginning with the import of Tang ceramics into the lands of the ‘Abbasid caliphate in the ninth century A.D. and persisting into the first decades of our own century in the ceramic manufactories of Istanbul and Tehran. Rather than terming these Islamic works cither copies or derivatives of Chinese originals, perhaps we might best regard them as compliments paid by Near Eastern artisans and patrons to a sister culture to the east.

Economic Issues Essay Topics Free - Overview

Economic Issues Essay Topics Free - Overview The conventional plan doesn't cover pre-existing health conditions, the improved plan, however, cover pre-existing health conditions and offers more services. At present, there are 100,000 enrollees and these numbers are climbing. Quite a few units it may produce would go down due to the rise in expense. This issue may be a barrier for them as they might non urge to shed any feasible workers to assist their investing to growing. Now you know how to compose a problem solution essay, it's time to chat about topics. Regardless, it's always a better idea to work with a topic that is very close to you and that you get a genuine interest in, rather than just picking a random topic. Politics is the art which includes the capability to organize and coordinate the job of large social groups. The issue is that nearly all of these topics aren't likely to assist you in any manner. Explain how information flow is critical to the continued g rowth in the populace of illegal immigrants in so many countries throughout the world. Of these things, some are grouped among social justice problems that were experienced over years in the united states. Our service is utilized by students all around the world. Explain the function of immigration in Canadian multicultural identity and financial benefits. Economic Issues Essay Topics Free Secrets That No One Else Knows About The high installation cost is just one of them. Try to remember that for each issue, you will need to find three or more solutions and discuss them. What to produce is concerned with what kinds of products and services ought to be produced. How much to produce details what quantities of products and services ought to be produced. We are aware that it isn't justifiable to just offer writing services at reasonable prices and plainly attain the very best rank of the greatest essay writing service. In the majority of instances, students don't understand how to compose a problem solution essay. Most students think that it is the lack of desire to complete assignments that causes the using of writing services. All About Economic Issues Essay Topics Free Among the facets of financial growth that has an effect on the environment most of all is that to be able to generate more goods and products at a faster rate, the building of large industrial plants is necessary. Always keep in mind that the success of your research is dependent on it. Risk-averse consumers buy health insurance to prevent losing income or wealth when they're unwell. The financial problem includes the scarcity of resources in relation to wants, and as a result of this, choices need to be made about how resources will be utilized in productio n. For this reason, you may pick from a wide selection of topics when mandated with writing an essay on social problems. Generally the scarce resources are among the principal subject of studying in economic researches. The collection of effective and very good topics are a few of the first challenges faced by university students who must compose economics essays. You could struggle to get to the research which helps your argument, and you may also be second-guessing your own understanding. Odds are, your classmates will select a few of these topics too. A student is made to dig in deeper into the information, and here, they have got a chance to grasp the concepts that they've learned and be in a position to apply them to a topic that's realistic. Sure, with this kind of an enormous selection of topics to pick from, picking just one may be challenging. Choosing wisely will mean that you will select a topic you like and know well which will make the writing process far easier. There's no topic too tough for our experts. Still, figuring out the ideal topic for your essay isn't your only concern for a student. Using Economic Issues Essay Topics Free Our free tips can help you to receive through any sort of essays. If you're looking to produce the fantastic essay on microeconomics topics all on your own, the very first place you should search is the internet. Making a list of the benefits and disadvantages is the ideal beginning to writing an advantages and disadvantages essay about inflation. I've included an extensive collection of topic ideas with suggestions on the way you might develop this issue into a certain kind of paper, like an argument, compare and contrast, or pros and cons essay. The variety of body paragraphs will mostly are based on the period of your paper. Based on the length of time the essay prompt is, you will want to utilize your time and word count slightly differently. All things considered, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. Though the essay questions change, the topic of the essays often stays the same.

Guide to Writing a Research Paper

Guide to Writing a Research PaperFor someone who is about to enter the field of psychology, the Joseph G.L. La Jolla Handbook for Writers of Research Papers is a great resource. It provides a detailed instruction that will enable a writer to gain more efficiency from the research papers in his or her handbook.The author of the Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Joseph G.L. La Jolla, a professor of psychology at the California State University, Los Angeles, makes use of this workbook in writing a research paper.The Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, unlike most workbooks in this field, does not just tell a writer what he or she should write, but what not to write. Most research papers tend to focus on developing an idea for a paper; sometimes they are not really focused. This particular workbook will help a writer become aware of certain pitfalls and of ways to avoid them.Of course, this workbook also makes suggestions about how to write a better paper. La Jolla says that the most important tip he can give is to be clear and specific. Some papers end up being less than accurate, making them a waste of time. By using these steps, a writer can avoid those mistakes and make sure the paper is worth publishing.The Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, while it may be full of instructions, it is not a grammar book, as Joseph G.L. La Jolla does not see it as such.Despite its wordiness, the Handbook for Writers of Research Papers contains many helpful ideas ongrammar. For example, La Jolla tells a writer to always write something that is grammatically correct.Another part of the Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, besides giving more information, is that the authors of the workbook also offer insight into editing papers. They also show the writer how to structure a paper.The authors of the workbook also bring in some interesting ideas about the first drafts of papers. Thus, the Handbook for Writers of Research Papers serves a purpose beyond merely te lling a writer what to write.

How work related learning aids in professional socialisation free essay sample

Work related learning is increasingly becoming a very important component in the learning system particularly for tertiary and higher education in Zimbabwe and abroad. It is now mandatory for al graduates to go for work related learning in their 3rd year for at least 10 months during their four year programme. As defined by DCSF (2009) work related learning is a planned activity that uses the context of work to develop knowledge, skills and understanding, useful in work, including learning through the experience of work, learning about work and working practices, and learning the skills for work. Work related learning can be termed, work place learning, work integrated learning or work focused learning. According to Macintyre, Murray and Teel (2009) professional socialization is the process by which individuals acquire the specialized knowledge, skills attitudes, values, norms and interest needed to perform their professional roles acceptably. In a broader sense Weidman, Twale and Stein (2001) define professional socialization as the process by which persons acquire knowledge, skills and disposition that makes them more or less effective members of society. We will write a custom essay sample on How work related learning aids in professional socialisation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Work related learning programme contributes to professional socialization of the learner in that it helps develop learner employability skills, provide learners with the opportunity to‘ learn by doing’ and to learn from experts. Work related learning programme also motivates and boosts self-confidence of students, develop career awareness and improve learner understanding of the economy, enterprise, finance and the structure of business organizations and how they work. A detailed discussion of these contributions of work related learning to professional socialization of the learner is given below. Professional identity formation Work related learning programme that has been adopted by tertiary institutions helps in professional identify formation. Collin (2009) defines professional identity as a sense of self that is connected to a particular  vocation. Cohen (1981) also defines it as an aspect of personal and social identity that develops in professional personnel as a result of their wok activities. Trede (2012) added that professional identity can only develop in engaged students and this takes place through careful critique of current practices and values. Engaged students involve themselves in debates about practice decisions and about practice experiences because this will enable them to act consciously and actively form their professional identity. Professional identity also involves change of oneself individual concept to such an extent that an identity develops within and for the profession (DCSF,2009). Different professions have various identities and it is through work related learning when such identities are actively formed. For example workers in the Tourism and Hospitality industry are identified by being smart, flexible calm, friendly, sharp memory etc. The learners for this industry are therefore supposed to have these characteristics. When students are on work related learning these characteristics develop within them replacing the ones they already had hence being professional socialized. Provides students an opportunity to â€Å"learn by doing† Work related learning program contributes to professional socialization of learners through enrichment the learner education. Institutions of higher learning are always seeking for ways to ensure that students apply their acquired knowledge to practice, this way they learn by doing (DSCF, 2009). Students in a range of fields including teachers, media professionals and social workers believe they learn more during their placement than from their classes. They also find the experience rewarding because they address real problems and the work they produce is used by other people (Bates, 2005). For example Tourism and Hospitality students can learn much of theory at university but when they go for work related learning they will have an opportunity to put theory into practice. For example they might have theoretical knowledge on how to serve food in a hotel, when they go to the actual work places they will serve the guests hence learning by doing. However, for learning by doing to be effective, supervisors must be able to assist students obtain professional knowledge by monitoring the difficulty of allocated tasks and helping the student anticipate their mistakes through discussion, modeling of appropriate behaviors and the provision of corrective feedback. The absence of proper supervisor might fail to make work related learning an effective tool for learning by doing. Professional values and ethics development Work related learning assists students in the development of professional values and ethics. Literature keeps reminding us that tertiary education is expected to create work-ready graduates (DEST, 2007). Such work-readiness includes readiness to engage in workplace norms and ethical readiness to navigate around ethical issues in the workplace, and modify one’s own views whilst improving the ethical practice around them. It is important to recognize that students on placement are still, despite holding personal values, in formative stages of developing their professional values and ethics, holding narrow conceptual understandings of professionalism (Grace and Trede, 2011). Students need to understand and navigate the increasingly important ethical aspects of being a professional. Work related learning aims to evolve within the student a sense of self and the development of an identity within their chosen profession (Campbell and Zegwaard, 2011). Given the rich learning environment that work-integrated learning affords, a valuable relationship between work related learning and professional ethics exists, and this allow students to be true professionals upon graduation. Development of employability skills of learners The working environment has undergone a number a changes in the past two decades. These changes, including economic, technological and social, have altered the skills that employers require of graduates (Cullen, 2004). Educational institutions need to ensure that their graduates have the necessary skills to make them employable after graduation. Higher education has a particularly important role to play in providing society with individuals trained in such a way that they can respond to the demands of knowledge-based occupations (CHE, 2001). This means that employers expect diplomat graduates to demonstrate management characteristics and skills that include being communicative, computer literate, innovative, initiators, strategic and lateral thinkers, competent, able to work with little orientation, responsible, assertive, decisive, and mult-skilled as well as be independent and critical thinkers (Maslen, 2000). Work-integrated learning programs help provides tertiary students with this experience hence professionally socializing the learners. Provides insights into possible careers Professional socialization affects individuals interests in a profession hence helps in making informed choices about the learners career (Page, 2005). Students may also use the placement to assess decisions about their career and decide if they are more suitable for particular roles within the industry. Work related leaning provides opportunities for learners to develop knowledge and understanding of work and enterprise, to develop skills for enterprise and employability and to learn through direct experiences and work enterprise experiences. While on work related learning learners find more about careers and would work, develop skills and self assess themselves. In most cases learners on work related learning evaluate their suitability to chosen professions. In some cases there can be a fit or mismatch of job requirements and the person’s interests. For example through enlightenment obtained from work related learning Tourism and Hospitality Management students will be able to choose whether to focus on either hospitality part of the programme or tourism part. According to Matamande N, Nyikahadzoi L, Taderera E and Mandimika E (2013) on their research on the effectiveness of work related learning from a student perspective various discoveries were made. It was found out that students were impressed by being attached as this enhanced their industrial/commercial exposure. Generally students liked the idea of being exposed to the practical world. However, there were some issues rose which needs to be addressed. It was noted that students have difficulties in securing placement hence might end up grabbing anything that comes their way and can sent most of their time on irrelevant assignments. This therefore calls for universities to seek placement for students so that they become attached to organizations which can help in professional socialization of learners positively. The research also recommended that for work related learning to a success, regular student visits should be done so as to address issues that may arise during the placement tenure and also to  assess performance of the learners (Matamande et al, 2013). This therefore will make work related learning contribute a lot to professional socialization of the learner. In conclusion, it is evident that work related learning contributes a lot to professional socialization of the learner as it gives â€Å"hands on† experience, forms professional identity, develops learner career paths and makes students more employable. For work related learning to be an effective tool for professional socialization of the learner educational institutions and the placement organizations must work together and contribute in the socialization process.

History Topics For Research Paper

History Topics For Research PaperHistory topics for a research paper is the time consuming and tedious task for students. Some individuals find the idea of doing history an interesting activity that will not take much of their time but if you are like the majority of people it can be time consuming and frustrating.Most people begin their research in their area of study but very few people will continue in their area of expertise and still not even complete the task because of the difficulty of the particular area of study. When you do not know the history topics for a research paper you will be left with a disorganized outline that is not meaningful or interesting.There are many websites that will give you tips and suggestions for research papers and the reason why they will be useful is that they will provide you with a reference and timeline for your research topic. The following paragraphs will also give you a hint as to the manner in which you can incorporate all of these tips an d ideas into your own research.In the first place, if you want to find out about the history of a particular geographical location you can use the Internet to your advantage. Some of the world's major cities have a news site, a magazine, a newspaper, or another periodical or source that will provide you with information. They will also have information regarding popular events, and dates, including people and events, for your research.Secondly, you can use online sources such as newspapers, journals, periodicals, and magazines to obtain information that relates to your study. The use of online sources such as Wikipedia can be a valuable source to your research.Thirdly, you can access a database of all important and historic historical events. You will get the information you need by visiting this database and by using the search function you can search through all the data in the database, and learn about the most important historical events.Finally, it is a good idea to examine the books, archives, and manuscripts that contain some historical record. You can easily locate a number of information, which will be of use to your research.One unique aspect of this process is that if you choose a university or a college for your research, you will be provided with support from a qualified department that is aware of the history topics for a research paper. Their knowledge will be useful for helping you achieve success in your research.

Tips on How to Write College Papers Essay

Tips on How to Write College Papers EssayThere are many students who are looking for ways on how to write college papers, so here are some tips that could make the whole process easier. The first thing that you have to do is create a syllabus. This is one of the most important steps when it comes to writing a college paper because it is the point at which you provide all the topics to be covered.The next step to learn how to write college papers essay is to determine what is the most important material. One of the best ways to determine this is to look at the topic that you have learned about in school. If you can find any interesting stories related to it then you would definitely find some interesting topics that you can cover in your essay. This would give you an idea on what to talk about and what to leave out.The last and most important thing to know about writing a college paper is the format. This will depend on the type of topic that you want to cover and it will be based on the topic. You can create a format according to the topic if you want or you can let the topic dictate the format.When it comes to creating a story to write your essay, the first thing that you have to do is to get some information and write down some pieces of information that you think will be useful for the topic. You can also ask your friends or a person whom you trust to read the piece so that you can have more of an idea on what the topic is. This would be the first step in creating a story.When it comes to creating a form for your college papers, the first thing that you have to do is to create a research report. This is done by making a list of all the important data or information about the topic. This would give you a lot of information that you could use for your research.The next step is to make a conclusion or an introduction. This would be where you would need to begin explaining your research report to your readers.Learning how to write college papers essay is not tha t hard. However, it would be beneficial if you take a little bit of time and brainstorm all your ideas.